tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14836146469689382072024-03-13T22:42:46.536-07:00MODUL ELEKTRONIKANURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-20400863756867894942012-02-16T22:22:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:22:21.301-08:00JENIS-JENIS VCR<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">jenis-jenis kaset </div><div class="MsoNormal">jenis-jenis kaset</div><div class="MsoNormal">Diarsipkan di bawah: Tak Berkategori — k1m0n9 @ 15:41 </div><div class="MsoNormal">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div class="MsoNormal">“VCR” beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat VCR (disambiguasi) .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Artikel ini bagian pengantar mungkin tidak cukup meringkas isinya. Untuk memenuhi Wikipedia bagian pedoman memimpin , silahkan mempertimbangkan memperluas memimpin untuk memberikan gambaran diakses dari kuncinya poin artikel.</div><a name='more'></a> (Mei 2010)<br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="89" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="331" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sebuah VHS VCR diproduksi oleh Metz</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="250" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="334" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">Bagian dalam VCR</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="191" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="249" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Semua video tape recorder tidak perekam kaset video. Model awal dari VTR adalah perangkat reel-to-reel yang dibutuhkan tangan-threading pita. (Ini adalah perekam video pertama portabel, yang quadruplex Ampex 1967.)</div><div class="MsoNormal">Perekam kaset video (atau VCR, lebih dikenal di Inggris dan Irlandia sebagai perekam video atau mesin video), adalah jenis tape perekam video yang menggunakan removable rekaman video yang berisi kaset pita magnetik untuk merekam audio dan video dari televisi siaran sehingga dapat diputar kembali nanti.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sebuah VCR berbeda dari tape recorder video dalam yang VTR juga dapat reel-to-reel perangkat yang memerlukan tangan-threading pita dari reel catu daya tunggal, melalui mekanisme pencatatan dan ke sebuah-mengambil reel terpisah. VCR cenderung pemeliharaan lebih rendah dari VTR reel-to-reel, karena jalur tape biasanya sepenuhnya tertutup untuk menjaga debu dari mekanisme, dan kaset ini hampir tidak pernah disentuh oleh pengguna kecuali ketika kerusakan terjadi.</div><div class="MsoNormal">VCR Kebanyakan mereka sendiri tuner (untuk penerimaan TV langsung) dan Programmable timer (untuk merekam tanpa pengawasan dari saluran tertentu pada waktu tertentu). Ini dimulai sebagai kontra-fitur sederhana berbasis mekanis mirip dengan yang tersedia pada peralatan audio kontemporer, tapi dengan cepat berubah menjadi penjualan utama dan titik diferensiasi, dengan beberapa program mungkin melalui sebuah tampilan dengan menu yang menggunakan TV sebagai menampilkan.Isi</div><div class="MsoNormal">[hide]</div><div class="MsoNormal">1 Sejarah </div><div class="MsoNormal">1.1 Awal mesin dan format </div><div class="MsoNormal">1.1.1 perekam video rumah Pertama</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.1.2 Sony U-matic</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.1.3 Philips “VCR” format</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.1.4 Avco Cartrivision</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.2 akhir 1970-an: Mass-pasar yang berhasil </div><div class="MsoNormal">1.2.1 VHS vs Betamax</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.2.2 Philips Video 2000</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.2.3 Format lain awal</div><div class="MsoNormal">1.3 Pertempuran pengadilan</div><div class="MsoNormal">2 Produk Cacat </div><div class="MsoNormal">2.1 Penurunan</div><div class="MsoNormal">3 Fitur Khusus </div><div class="MsoNormal">3.1 Multi Standar</div><div class="MsoNormal">Stereo 3.2 Sound & HiFi</div><div class="MsoNormal">3.3 Salin perlindungan</div><div class="MsoNormal">3.4 Flying menghapus-kepala</div><div class="MsoNormal">4 Varian</div><div class="MsoNormal">5 media baru</div><div class="MsoNormal">6 Budaya dampak</div><div class="MsoNormal">7 Lihat juga</div><div class="MsoNormal">8 Referensi</div><div class="MsoNormal">9 Pranala luar</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Sejarah</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]mesin Awal dan format</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sejarah dari perekam kaset video mengikuti sejarah rekaman rekaman video pada umumnya. Ampex memperkenalkan Ampex VRX-1000, perekam kaset video keberhasilan komersial pertama, tahun 1956. Ia menggunakan 2 “Quadruplex format, menggunakan-inch (5.1 cm) tape dua. [1] Karena $ US 50.000 harganya, maka Ampex VRX-1000 bisa diberikan hanya dengan jaringan televisi dan stasiun individu terbesar. [2]</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pada tahun 1963, Philips memperkenalkan EL3400 mereka 1 “scan perekam heliks (ditujukan pada pengguna bisnis dan domestik) dan Sony dipasarkan 2 “PV-100, pertama merekareel-to-reel VTR bisnis, medis,, dan maskapai pendidikan digunakan untuk tujuan . [3]</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]rumah perekam video Pertama</div><div class="MsoNormal">The Telcan, yang dihasilkan oleh Nottingham Elektronik Valve Perusahaan pada tahun 1963, adalah rumah pertama perekam video. Itu bisa dibeli sebagai unit atau dalam bentuk kit seharga £ 60. Namun, ada beberapa kelemahan: mahal, tidak mudah untuk menempatkan bersama-sama dan bisa merekam hanya 20 menit pada output waktu dalam hitam-putih. Itu [4][5] [6]</div><div class="MsoNormal">Model Sony CV-2000 , pertama kali dipasarkan pada tahun 1965, adalah VTR pertama mereka ditujukan untuk digunakan di rumah dan didasarkan pada tape setengah inci. [7] Ampex dan RCA diikuti pada tahun 1965 dengan mereka sendiri reel-to-reel monokrom VTR harganya di bawah US $ 1.000 untuk pasar konsumen rumah.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Para EIAJ Format adalah format setengah inci standar yang digunakan oleh berbagai produsen. EIAJ-1 adalah format open reel. EIAJ-2 menggunakan cartridge yang berisi reel pasokan, tapi bukan reel-up ambil. Sebagai reel-up ambil adalah bagian dari perekam, tape itu harus sepenuhnya memutar ulang sebelum mengeluarkan kartrid, prosedur lambat.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pengembangan kaset video diikuti penggantian dengan kaset lainnya sistem reel terbuka di item konsumen: yang Stereo-Pak -track audio kartrid 4 di tahun 1962, kaset audio kompakdan Instamatic kartrid film di tahun 1963, 8-track cartridge pada tahun 1965, dan Super 8 rumah film cartridge pada tahun 1966.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Sony U-matic</div><div class="MsoNormal">Artikel utama: U-matic</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sony menunjukkan kaset video prototipe pada bulan Oktober 1969, lalu sisihkan untuk bekerja keluar suatu standar industri pada bulan Maret 1970 dengan tujuh produsen sesama.Hasilnya, Sony U-matic sistem, diperkenalkan di Tokyo pada bulan September 1971, adalah format kaset video komersial pertama dunia. cartridge Its, menyerupai versi yang lebih besar yang terakhir VHS kaset, yang digunakan (1,9 cm) 3/4-inch tape dan memiliki waktu bermain maksimal 60 menit, kemudian diperpanjang hingga 90 menit. Sony juga memperkenalkan dua mesin (VP-1100 kaset video player dan VO-1700 perekam kaset video) untuk menggunakan kaset baru. U-matic, dengan mudah digunakan, cepat membuat sistem konsumen lainnya rekaman video usang di Jepang dan Amerika Utara, di mana VCR U-matic yang banyak digunakan oleh newsroom televisi, sekolah dan bisnis. Tapi biaya-US $ 1.395 untuk TV kombinasi VCR /, atau $ 7.069 pada tahun 2007 dolar-terus keluar dari rumah yang paling. [8]</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Philips “VCR” format</div><div class="MsoNormal">Artikel utama: Kaset Video Recording</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="183" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="320" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">N1500 video recorder, dengan lemari kayu.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pada tahun 1970 Philips mengembangkan format kaset video rumah. Membingungkan, Philips bernama ini format “ VCR “(walaupun hal ini juga disebut sebagai” N1500 “, setelah perekam model nomor pertama). Format ini juga didukung oleh Grundig dan Loewe . Ini digunakan kaset persegi dan setengah inci (1,3 cm) tape, dipasang di gulungan co-aksial, memberikan waktu perekaman satu jam. Model pertama, tersedia di Inggris Raya pada tahun 1972, dilengkapi dengan timer kasar yang digunakan rotary dial. Pada hampir £ 600 ($ 2087), itu mahal dan format relatif berhasil di pasar dalam negeri. Hal ini diikuti oleh versi timer digital pada tahun 1975, N1502 itu. Pada tahun 1977 (dan tidak kompatibel) baru-play versi lama (”VCR-LP”) atau N1700, yang dapat menggunakan kaset yang sama, dijual cukup baik untuk sekolah-sekolah dan perguruan tinggi.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Avco Cartrivision</div><div class="MsoNormal">Artikel utama: Cartrivision</div><div class="MsoNormal">The Avco Cartrivision sistem, televisi kombinasi set dan VCR dari Cartridge televisi Inc yang dijual dengan harga US $ 1.350, adalah perekam kaset video pertama yang rekaman kaset pra film populer yang tersedia untuk sewa. Seperti format VCR Philips, kaset Cartrivision persegi memiliki dua gulungan tape setengah inci yang terpasang di atas satu sama lain, tetapi bisa merekam hingga 114 menit. Ia melakukannya dengan menggunakan bentuk mentah dari kompresi video yang direkam hanya setiap ketiga bidang video dan diputar kembali tiga kali.Kaset film besar seperti Jembatan Sungai Kwai di dan Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner yang dipesan melalui katalog pada pengecer , disampaikan melalui surat paket, dan kemudian kembali ke pengecer setelah melihat. kaset lainnya di olahraga, perjalanan, seni, dan bagaimana-untuk topik yang tersedia untuk pembelian. Opsional monokrom kamera bisa dibeli untuk membuat video rumah. Cartrivision dijual pertama kali pada bulan Juni 1972, terutama melalui Sears , Macy’s , dan Montgomery Ward department store di Amerika Serikat. Itu ditinggalkan tiga belas bulan kemudian setelah penjualan yang buruk.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]The 1970-an:-pasar yang berhasil Massa</div><div class="MsoNormal">Tidak sampai akhir 1970-an, ketika perusahaan-perusahaan Eropa dan Jepang mengembangkan mesin yang lebih maju secara teknis dengan lebih timer elektronik akurat dan durasi kaset yang lebih besar, bahwa VCR mulai menjadi sebuah produk pasar massal konsumen. Pada 1979 ada tiga standar teknis bersaing, dengan berbeda, tape kaset secara fisik tidak kompatibel.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]VHS vs Betamax</div><div class="MsoNormal">Artikel utama: Kaset Video perang format</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="258" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="294" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sebuah Betamax kaset</div><div class="MsoNormal">Dua standar utama yang Sony ’s Betamax (juga dikenal sebagai Betacord atau hanya Beta), dan JVC ’s VHS [Video Home System], yang berjuang untuk penjualan di apa yang telah menjadi dikenal sebagai yang asli dan definitif perang format .</div><div class="MsoNormal">Betamax pertama kali ke pasar pada bulan November 1975, dan diperdebatkan oleh banyak secara teknis lebih canggih, [9] meskipun banyak pengguna tidak merasakan perbedaan. Mesin pertama diperlukan suatu timer eksternal, dan hanya dapat merekam satu jam. Timer ini kemudian dimasukkan dalam mesin sebagai fitur standar.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Format VHS saingan, diperkenalkan di Jepang pada bulan September 1976 (dan diperkenalkan di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Juli 1977 oleh JVC) membual waktu perekaman dua jam lagi, dengan empat jam menggunakan “long play” mode (RCA SelectaVision model, diperkenalkan pada September 1977). Karena 2 jam dan 4 jam sudah dekat-ideal untuk perekaman film dan masing-masing-olahraga permainan, konsumen secara alami berbondong-bondong menuju VHS daripada Betamax 1-jam-terbatas. Meskipun Sony kemudian memperkenalkan Beta-II dan Beta-III untuk memungkinkan waktu maksimum 5 + jam, oleh VHS waktu sudah menyombongkan 6, 8, atau bahkan 9 jam per tape. Jadi VHS memiliki “dianggap lebih baik” nilai di mata konsumen selama akhir 1970-an. [ rujukan? ]</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="196" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="294" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Philips V2000 format video perekam kaset</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Philips Video 2000</div><div class="MsoNormal">Artikel utama: Video 2000</div><div class="MsoNormal">Format ketiga, Video 2000 , atau V2000 (juga dipasarkan sebagai “Video Compact Cassette”) dikembangkan dan diperkenalkan oleh Philipspada tahun 1978, dan hanya dijual di Eropa . Grundig dikembangkan dan dipasarkan model mereka sendiri berdasarkan format V2000. model V2000 Kebanyakan fitur piezoelektrik posisi kepala secara dinamis untuk menyesuaikan pelacakan tape. kaset V2000 memiliki dua sisi, dan seperti kaset audio harus terbalik setengah melalui waktu rekaman mereka. catatan Pengguna switchable melindungi tuas yang digunakan bukan dari lugs pecah ditemukan di VHS / kaset Betamax. Pita setengah inci digunakan berisi dua lagu seperempat inci paralel, satu untuk setiap sisi. Ini memiliki waktu rekaman 4 jam per sisi, kemudian diperpanjang hingga 8 jam per sisi pada beberapa model. V2000 memukul pasar setelah dua saingan pada awal tahun 1979. Model terakhir yang diproduksi oleh Philips pada tahun 1985 yang dirasakan oleh banyak orang sebagai mesin unggul untuk apa pun di pasar pada saat tetapi reputasi buruk diperoleh melalui fitur terbatas dan kehandalan dari model awal, dan sekarang pangsa pasar dominan VHS / Betamax, penjualan hanya terbatas memastikan sebelum sistem itu dihapuskan segera setelah.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Format Lainnya awal</div><div class="MsoNormal">Beberapa format konsumen kurang berhasil kaset video meliputi:</div><div class="MsoNormal">V-Cord , diluncurkan oleh Sanyo pada tahun 1974</div><div class="MsoNormal">VX , yang diluncurkan oleh Panasonic pada tahun 1975</div><div class="MsoNormal">Video Compact Cassette (CVC), yang dikembangkan oleh Funai dan Technicolor dan diperkenalkan pada tahun 1980.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Pertempuran pengadilan</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pada awal 1980-an, perusahaan film di Amerika berjuang untuk menekan perangkat di pasar konsumen, mengutip kekhawatiran tentang pelanggaran hak cipta. Dalam sidang Kongres,Motion Picture Association of America kepala Jack Valenti mengutuk “kebiadaban dan kerusakan mesin ini” dan disamakan dampaknya terhadap industri film dan publik Amerika keBoston pencekik :</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kita akan berdarah dan berdarah dan perdarahan, kecuali ini Kongres setidaknya melindungi salah satu industri yang mampu mengambil surplus neraca perdagangan dan yang masa depan tergantung pada perlindungan dari kebiadaban dan kerusakan mesin ini. … Aku berkata kepada Anda bahwa VCR adalah produser film Amerika dan publik Amerika sebagai pencekik Boston adalah ke rumah perempuan sendirian.</div><div class="MsoNormal">-Audiensi sebelum Sub-komite tentang Pengadilan, Civil Liberties dan Administrasi Kehakiman Komite Kehakiman, DPR, Sembilan puluh tujuh Kongres, Pertemuan Kedua pada HR 4783, HR 4794 HR 4808, HR 5250, HR 5488, dan SDM 5705, Serial No 97, Bagian I, Home Recording Pekerjaan Hak Cipta, 12 April 1982. US Government Printing Office. [10]</div><div class="MsoNormal">Dalam kasus Sony Corp of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc , di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat memutuskan bahwa alat itu diperbolehkan untuk penggunaan pribadi, sehingga menjamin penerimaan pasar. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, perusahaan film menemukan bahwa videorecordings produk mereka telah menjadi sumber penghasilan utama.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Cacat Produk</div><div class="MsoNormal">Video Cassette Recorder dikenal memiliki gangguan dan bug umum. Tinjauan menyatakan bahwa orang mengalami pita magnetik VHS menjadi ‘dikunyah’ atau ‘dimakan’ ketika keluar dari mesin karena kurangnya pembersihan, atau usia tua, dan karenanya VHS tape menjadi tidak dapat digunakan. kaset VHS dicatat dalam LP atau EP / mode SLP cenderung untuk tidak bermain kembali sangat baik pada mesin lain, dan dilakukan rekaman tape pada mesin yang dibuat sebelum tahun 1995 cenderung untuk tidak bermain dengan baik pada mesin yang lebih baru. VCR lebih baru cenderung memiliki umur lebih pendek dari unit yang lebih tua, dan dibangun dengan desain lebih murah dan bagian, menghasilkan mesin-mesin baru tidak memiliki banyak tombol pada unit, seperti kecepatan tape, tampilan, detik counter, pelacakan, monitor audio, dll dan lebih mengandalkan pada fitur remote dan otomatis.</div><div class="MsoNormal">[ sunting ]Penurunan</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="116" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="220" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sebuah khas VCR menjelang akhir popularitasnya. Setelah puluhan tahun perbaikan dalam desain dan produksi, model mirip dengan ini tersedia untuk di bawah US $ 50</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pada awal 2000-an, DVD bertahap melampaui VHS sebagai konsumen format yang paling populer untuk pemutaran video rekaman. DVD recorder dan perekam video digital seperti TiVo baru-baru ini mulai penurunan harga di negara maju, yang beberapa anggap sebagai akhir untuk VCR di pasar tersebut. rental DVD di Amerika Serikat pertama melebihi orang-orang dari VHS pada bulan Juni 2003, dan pada tahun 2005 presiden Perangkat Lunak Asosiasi Dealer meramalkan bahwa tahun 2006 akan menjadi tahun terakhir untuk rilis besar pada VHS. [11]Kebanyakan elektronik konsumen pengecer di Amerika Utara (seperti Best Buy ) hanya membawa beberapa VCR (sering VCR / DVD-recorder hibrida ). Karena skala ekonomis , pemutar DVD secara bertahap menjadi lebih murah daripada VCR.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Karena kurangnya penjualan, produsen yang paling perlahan dikurangi mereka Formasi VCR untuk model konsumen hanya dasar %</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelebihan Media Alat Perekam Pita Magnetik </div><div class="MsoNormal">Pita rekaman dapat diputar berulang-ulang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Rekaman dapat dihapus dan digunakan kembali.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Mengembangkan daya imajinasi siswa.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Sangat efektif untuk pembelajaran bahasa.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Penggandaan programnya sangat mudah.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelemahan Media Alat Perekam Pita Magnetik </div><div class="MsoNormal">Daya jangkauannya terbatas.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Biaya penggandaan alatnya relatif lebih mahal dibanding radio.</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-54593381084600620652012-02-16T22:20:00.001-08:002012-02-16T22:20:37.514-08:00PATTERN GENERATOR<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Generator pola Tengah </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Generator pola Tengah (CPGs)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat didefinisikan sebagai jaringan saraf yang dapat endogen (yaitu tanpa berirama pusat input) menghasilkan output ritmis berpola atau indera" atau sebagai "sirkuit neural yang menghasilkan perintah motor periodik seperti gerakan ritmis bergerak. "<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CPGs telah terbukti untuk menghasilkan output berirama mirip normal "produksi motor pola ritmis" bahkan di isolasi dari motor dan umpan balik sensoris dari anggota badan dan target otot lainnya. Untuk dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai pembangkit ritmis, sebuah CPG membutuhkan: 1. "Dua atau lebih proses yang berinteraksi sedemikian rupa sehingga setiap proses secara berurutan meningkat dan menurun, dan 2. Bahwa, sebagai hasil dari interaksi ini, sistem berulang-ulang kembali ke kondisinya mulai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi dan fisiologi CPGs</span></b></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Localization</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti untuk lokalisasi dari CPGs, berbagai molekul, genetik dan pencitraan telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan bertanggung jawab untuk bergerak yang didistribusikan ke seluruh daerah toraks dan lumbar bawah saraf tulang belakang. irama gerakan lidah, yang berpartisipasi dalam menelan, pengunyahan dan respirasi, didorong oleh inti hypoglossal, yang menerima masukan dari kolom reticular meduler punggung (DMRC) dan inti dari usus solitarius (NTS). Inti hypoglossal menerima masukan rangsang berirama juga dari neuron pernapasan otak dalam pre-Boetzinger kompleks yang tampaknya memainkan peran penting dalam asal rhythmogenesis respirasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun rincian anatomi CPGs secara khusus hanya dikenal di beberapa kasus, mereka telah terbukti berasal dari tali tulang belakang dari berbagai vertebrata dan bergantung pada jaringan syaraf relatif kecil dan otonom (bukan seluruh sistem saraf) untuk menghasilkan pola-pola irama. rhythmicity Syaraf dapat muncul dalam dua cara: "melalui interaksi antara neuron (rhythmicity berbasis jaringan) atau melalui interaksi antara arus di neuron individu (neuron osilator endogen).." Sebuah kunci untuk memahami ritme generasi adalah konsep osilator setengah-pusat (HCO). "Sebuah osilator setengah-tengah terdiri dari dua neuron yang secara individual tidak memiliki kemampuan rhythmogenic, tapi yang menghasilkan output berirama ketika saling digabungkan." Setengah-pusat osilator dapat berfungsi dalam berbagai cara. Pertama, kedua neuron mungkin tidak harus kebakaran di antiphase dan dapat api dalam setiap pentahapan relatif, bahkan sinkroni, tergantung pada rilis sinaptik. Kedua, setengah-pusat juga dapat berfungsi dalam pelarian "" mode atau rilis "" mode. Escape dan rilis mengacu pada cara di mana neuron-off menyala; oleh melarikan diri atau pembebasan dari inhibisi.<u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u>Setengah-pusat osilator juga dapat diubah oleh intrinsik dan properti jaringan dan dapat memiliki fungsi yang berbeda secara dramatis berdasarkan variasi dalam sifat sinaptik. Untuk penjelasan lebih rinci dari sirkuit syaraf yang mendasari ritme detak jantung generator lintah dan jaringan pilorus dari berkaki sepuluh crustacea melihat </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://crab-lab.zool.ohiou.edu/hooper/cpg.pdf&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhtCeHkDtTOWAubLtMFmsgAqP3z6Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hooper's Review Pola Generator Tengah.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
Pandangan klasik CPGs, sebagai jaringan neuron khusus didedikasikan untuk fungsi ini saja, telah ditantang oleh berbagai data yang diperoleh sebagian besar pada sistem saraf pusat dari invertebrata. Selain menjadi jaringan khusus klasik, sebagian besar tampaknya CPGs sebenarnya menjadi baik reorganisasi atau didistribusikan sirkuit, dan rangkaian saraf tunggal dapat menggabungkan fitur khas masing-masing arsitektur. Pengamatan di invertebrata generator pola sementara terbentuk sebelum kegiatan produksi motor memperkuat asumsi. CPG sirkuit muncul sehingga memiliki karakter yang fleksibel. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neuromodulation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Organisme harus beradaptasi perilaku mereka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan lingkungan internal dan eksternal. generator pola Tengah, sebagai bagian dari sirkuit neural dari suatu organisme, dapat diatur untuk menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan organisme dan sekitarnya. Tiga peran dari modulasi telah ditemukan untuk rangkaian CPG: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulasi CPG sebagai Bagian dari Kegiatan Normal </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulasi Mengubah Konfigurasi Fungsional CPGs Menghasilkan Output yang berbeda-beda Motor </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulasi mengubah CPG Pelengkap oleh Neuron Neuron Antara Switching Networks dan Fusing Sebelumnya Jaringan terpisah ke Entitas lebih besar </span></li>
</ol><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulasi CPG sebagai Bagian dari Kegiatan Normal </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya, <i>diomedea Tritonia</i> CPG renang bisa menghasilkan penarikan refleksif dalam menanggapi masukan sensorik lemah, melarikan diri berenang dalam menanggapi masukan sensorik yang kuat dan merangkak berenang melarikan diri setelah telah berhenti. punggung yang berenang interneurons (DSIs) dari CPGs berenang tidak hanya menyebabkan berenang melarikan diri berirama, tetapi juga menyambung ke silia-mengaktifkan neuron eferen. bukti eksperimental menegaskan bahwa kedua perilaku yang dimediasi oleh DSIs. "Mengingat perbedaan ekstrim antara perilaku ini - berirama versus tonik, otot versus silia, dan singkat versus lama-temuan tersebut memperlihatkan fleksibilitas yang mencolok untuk jaringan multifungsi kecil." "Bagian dari fleksibilitas ini disebabkan oleh rilis </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWY_m86x3a2nWwCtnJBFxIfE4X_w" title="Serotonin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">serotonin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari DSIs, yang menyebabkan sel otak 2 (C2) untuk melepaskan transmitter lebih dan memperkuat jaringan sinapsis. Aplikasi antagonis serotonergik mencegah jaringan dari menghasilkan pola berenang, dan karena ini modulasi intranetwork muncul penting untuk osilasi jaringan ". </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modulasi Mengubah Konfigurasi Fungsional CPGs Menghasilkan Output yang berbeda-beda Motor </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data dari percobaan oleh Harris-Warrick pada tahun 1991 dan Hooper dan Marder pada tahun 1987 menunjukkan bahwa target fungsional modulasi adalah jaringan seluruh CPG. Ide ini pertama kali diamati melalui percobaan dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhIoAcLds8hRdpV0cWrO4vX9tdp_w" title="Neuromodulator"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">neuromodulator</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di lobster. Pengaruh </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctolin&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiaQaCrEul4HFadObdNe3j7eb-pgA" title="Proctolin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">proctolin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tidak dapat dipahami dengan melihat hanya pada neuron secara langsung terkena dampak. "Sebaliknya, neuron yang tidak terkena dampak langsung baik mengubah respons dari neuron yang terkena dampak langsung dan membantu untuk mengirimkan perubahan aktivitas dari neuron di seluruh jaringan," memungkinkan seluruh jaringan perubahan dengan cara yang konsisten dan sinkronisasi. Harris-Warrick dan koleganya telah melakukan penelitian selama bertahun-tahun tentang pengaruh CPG neuromodulators pada jaringan syaraf. Sebagai contoh, sebuah studi tahun 1998 menunjukkan sifat didistribusikan neuromodulation dan yang neuromodulators dapat mengkonfigurasi ulang jaringan motor untuk memungkinkan keluarga gerakan terkait. Secara khusus, dopamin terbukti mempengaruhi neuron individu, dan sinapsis antara neuron. Dopamin memperkuat beberapa sinapsis dan melemahkan orang lain dengan bertindak dengan pra-dan pasca-synaptically seluruh Crustacea stomatogastric ganglion. Tanggapan tersebut, serta efek lain dopamine, dapat berlawanan tanda di lokasi yang berbeda, menunjukkan bahwa jumlah efek adalah efek jaringan secara keseluruhan dan dapat menyebabkan CPG untuk menghasilkan keluarga terkait output motor yang berbeda. Modulasi mengubah CPG Pelengkap oleh Neuron Neuron Antara Switching Networks dan Fusing Sebelumnya Jaringan terpisah ke Entitas lebih besar </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah jaringan saraf tunggal, seperti generator pola sentral, dapat diatur saat-ke-saat untuk menghasilkan beberapa tindakan fisik yang berbeda tergantung pada kebutuhan hewan. Ini pertama kali diciptakan jaringan polimorfik "oleh Mendapatkan dan Dekin pada tahun 1985. Sebuah contoh dari salah satu pusat pola generator polimorfik tersebut jaringan multifungsi dari <i>Tritonia diomedea</i> moluska. Seperti dijelaskan oleh Hooper, masukan sensorik lemah ke CPG renang menghasilkan penarikan refleksif, sementara input yang kuat menghasilkan renang. punggung yang berenang interneurons (DSIs) dari rilis serotonin sirkuit untuk mengkonversi ke "mode berenang," sementara penerapan antagonis serotonergik mencegah pola berenang. Selain itu, interneuronal jaringan tunggal yang sama telah ditemukan untuk menghasilkan tidak hanya "berirama, berenang melarikan diri otot-based, "tapi juga" nonrhythmic, silia-dimediasi merangkak. Bukti juga menunjukkan bahwa meskipun CPG kontrol fungsi yang berhubungan tetapi terpisah, neuromodulation dari satu fungsi dapat terjadi tanpa mempengaruhi yang lain. Sebagai contoh, modus berenang dapat peka dengan serotonin tanpa mempengaruhi modus merangkak. Dengan demikian, rangkaian CPG dapat mengendalikan banyak fungsi terpisah dengan neuromodulation tepat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme Saran atau masukan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun teori generasi pola pusat panggilan untuk rhythmicity dasar dan pola untuk menjadi pusat dihasilkan, CPGs dapat menanggapi umpan balik sensoris untuk mengubah pola dalam perilaku cara yang tepat. Perubahan pola ini sulit karena hanya umpan balik yang diterima selama satu fase mungkin memerlukan perubahan gerakan di bagian lain dari siklus pola untuk melestarikan hubungan koordinasi tertentu. Misalnya, berjalan dengan kerikil di sepatu kanan akan mengubah seluruh gaya berjalan, meskipun rangsangan hanya hadir ketika berdiri di kaki kanan. Bahkan pada saat kaki kiri bawah dan umpan balik sensor tidak aktif, tindakan yang diambil untuk memperpanjang ayunan kaki kanan dan memperpanjang waktu pada kaki kiri, yang mengarah ke timpang. Efek ini bisa disebabkan oleh efek luas dan tahan lama dari umpan balik sensoris pada CPG atau karena efek jangka pendek pada beberapa neuron yang pada gilirannya mengatur neuron terdekat dan menyebar umpan balik melalui seluruh CPG dengan cara itu. Beberapa tingkat </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#Neuromodulation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">modulasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diperlukan untuk memungkinkan satu CPG untuk menganggap beberapa negara dalam menanggapi umpan balik. </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#cite_note-Hooper-0"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, dampak dari input sensorik akan bervariasi tergantung pada tahap pola di mana hal ini terjadi. Sebagai contoh, selama berjalan, perlawanan terhadap bagian atas kaki ayun (yaitu dengan tongkat horisontal) menyebabkan kaki yang akan diangkat lebih tinggi untuk pindah tongkat. Namun, masukan yang sama untuk kaki berdiri tidak dapat menyebabkan kaki untuk mengangkat atau orang akan runtuh. Dengan demikian, tergantung pada tahap tersebut, masukan sensorik yang sama dapat menyebabkan kaki yang akan diangkat lebih tinggi atau diselenggarakan lebih tegas ke tanah. "Perubahan respon motor sebagai fungsi dari fase motor disebut pembalikan pola refleks, dan telah diamati dalam invertebrata (DiCaprio dan Clarac, 1981) dan vertebrata (Forssberg et al., 1977) Bagaimana proses ini terjadi adalah kurang dipahami,. tapi sekali lagi ada dua kemungkinan. Salah satunya adalah bahwa input sensorik adalah tepat diteruskan ke neuron CPG berbeda sebagai fungsi dari fase motor pola. Yang lain adalah bahwa input mencapai neuron yang sama di semua fase, tapi itu, sebagai konsekuensi dari jalan di akan digunakan jaringan dalam mengubah input, respon jaringan bervariasi tepat sebagai fungsi dari pola fasa motor ". Sebuah studi baru-baru ini oleh Gottschall dan Nichols mempelajari hindlimb dari kucing decerebrate selama berjalan (a CPG fungsi dikendalikan) menanggapi perubahan pitch Pusat. Studi ini menjelaskan perbedaan dalam kecepatan dan posisi tubuh kucing berjalan menanjak, menurun dan pada tingkat permukaan. Proprioseptif (organ tendon Golgi dan spindle otot) dan exteroreceptive (optik, vestibular, dan kulit) reseptor bekerja sendiri atau dalam kombinasi untuk menyesuaikan CPG untuk umpan balik sensoris. Studi ini mengeksplorasi efek proprioceptors leher (memberikan informasi tentang lokasi relatif dari kepala dan tubuh) dan reseptor vestibular (memberikan informasi tentang orientasi kepala relatif terhadap gravitasi). kucing Decerebrate dibuat untuk berjalan pada permukaan yang rata dengan tingkat kepala mereka, miring atas atau miring bawah. Membandingkan kucing decerebrate untuk kucing normal EMG menunjukkan pola yang sama selama berjalan dan EMG tingkat pola yang tercermin menurun berjalan dengan kepala judul dan bukit berjalan dengan kepala dimiringkan ke bawah. Studi ini membuktikan bahwa leher proprioceptors dan reseptor sensoris vestibular memberikan kontribusi umpan balik yang mengubah gaya berjalan binatang. Informasi ini mungkin berguna untuk perawatan gangguan gait.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generator pola sentral</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola Tengah dapat melayani banyak fungsi pada hewan vertebrata. CPGs dapat memainkan peran dalam gerakan, nafas, irama dan fungsi generasi berosilasi lainnya. Bagian-bagian di bawah ini akan fokus pada contoh spesifik gerak dan ritme generasi, dua fungsi utama CPGs. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penggerak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awal 1911, itu diakui, oleh percobaan T. Graham Brown, bahwa pola dasar loncatan dapat diproduksi oleh sumsum tulang belakang tanpa perlu turun perintah dari korteks. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukti modern pertama dari generator pola sentral diproduksi dengan mengisolasi sistem saraf belalang dan menunjukkan bahwa hal itu bisa menghasilkan output yang berirama di isolasi dari belalang menyerupai dalam penerbangan. Ini ditemukan oleh Wilson pada tahun 1961. </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#cite_note-Hooper-0"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sejak saat itu, bukti telah muncul atas kehadiran generator pola sentral pada hewan vertebrata. Bagian ini akan membahas peran generator pola sentral dalam gerak untuk </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprey&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyWDFjhQg6fvU-4PYk-5Y1MR6V0w" title="Lamprey"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lamprey</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan manusia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lamprey ini telah digunakan sebagai model untuk CPGs vertebrata karena, sedangkan sistem saraf vertebrata memiliki organisasi, itu saham karakteristik positif dengan invertebrata . Ketika dihapus dari lamprey, kabel tulang belakang utuh dapat bertahan hidup selama berhari-hari <i>in vitro.</i> Ia juga memiliki sedikit neuron dan dapat dengan mudah distimulasi untuk menghasilkan gerakan renang fiktif menunjukkan suatu generator pola sentral. Pada awal 1983, Ayers, Carpenter, Currie dan Kinch diusulkan bahwa ada CPG basal bertanggung jawab atas sebagian gerakan bergelombang di lamprey termasuk berenang ke depan dan ke belakang, menggali dalam lumpur dan merangkak pada permukaan padat. Gerakan-gerakan yang berbeda telah ditemukan untuk diubah oleh neuromodulators, termasuk serotonin dalam studi oleh Harris-Warrick dan Cohen pada tahun 1985 dan tachykinin dalam studi oleh Perez, CT et al. pada tahun 2007. Model lamprey dari CPG untuk bergerak sudah sangat penting untuk mempelajari CPGs dan sekarang sedang digunakan dalam penciptaan CPGs buatan. Misalnya, Ijspeert dan Kodjabachian digunakan's model Ekeberg untuk lamprey untuk menciptakan CPGs buatan dan simulasi berenang gerakan dalam seperti substrat lamprey menggunakan pengendali berdasarkan pengkodean SGOCE. Pada dasarnya, ini adalah langkah pertama menuju penggunaan CPGs untuk kode untuk bergerak pada robot. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1994, " mengklaim telah menyaksikan "pertama didefinisikan contoh baik dari sebuah generator ritme pusat untuk melangkah pada orang dewasa manusia." Subjek adalah seorang pria 37 tahun yang menderita cedera pada sumsum tulang belakang serviks 17 tahun sebelumnya. Setelah kelumpuhan total awal di bawah leher, subjek akhirnya kembali beberapa gerakan tangan dan jari-jari dan gerakan terbatas pada tungkai bawah. Dia belum pulih cukup untuk menopang berat sendiri. Setelah 17 tahun, subjek menemukan bahwa ketika berbaring telentang dan memperluas pinggul, kaki bawahnya menjalani langkah-gerakan seperti selama ia tetap berbaring. "The gerakan (i) fleksi bolak terlibat dan perluasan pinggul, lutut, dan pergelangan kaki, (ii) yang halus dan berirama, (iii) yang cukup kuat bahwa subjek segera menjadi tidak nyaman karena otot yang berlebihan 'sesak' dan ditinggikan suhu tubuh, dan (iv) tidak bisa dihentikan oleh upaya sukarela. " Setelah penelitian yang luas subyek, yang peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa "data ini merupakan bukti yang jelas tanggal tersebut seperti [CPG jaringan] tidak ada dalam manusia". Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#Neuromodulation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neuromodulation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang CPG lokomotif manusia sangat mudah beradaptasi dan dapat menanggapi masukan sensorik. Ini menerima masukan dari otak maupun dari lingkungan untuk menjaga jaringan diatur. studi yang lebih baru tidak hanya mengkonfirmasi kehadiran CPG untuk bergerak manusia, tetapi juga dikonfirmasi ketahanan dan kemampuan beradaptasi. Misalnya, Choi dan Bastian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan yang bertanggung jawab untuk berjalan manusia beradaptasi pada rentang waktu pendek dan panjang. Mereka menunjukkan pola adaptasi terhadap kiprah berbeda dan konteks yang berbeda berjalan. Juga, mereka menunjukkan bahwa pola-pola yang berbeda dapat beradaptasi motor independen. Orang dewasa bahkan bisa berjalan pada treadmill pergi ke arah yang berbeda untuk setiap kaki. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jaringan independen kontrol ke depan dan ke belakang berjalan dan bahwa jaringan mengendalikan setiap kaki dapat beradaptasi secara independen dan dilatih untuk berjalan secara independen. </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#cite_note-16"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[17]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dengan demikian, manusia juga memiliki generator pola sentral untuk bergerak yang mampu tidak hanya dari generasi pola irama tapi adaptasi juga luar biasa dan kegunaan dalam berbagai macam situasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P<b>ola generator Respirasi</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model tiga-fasa adalah pandangan klasik dari CPG pernapasan. Tahapan CPG pernapasan yang ditandai oleh aktivitas ritmis dari: (1) saraf frenikus selama inspirasi, (2) cabang saraf laring yang berulang innervate otot thyroarytenoid selama tahap terakhir berakhir; (3) cabang-cabang saraf interkostal internal bahwa innervate yang triangularis sterni otot selama tahap kedua berakhir.. The rhythmicity saraf ini adalah klasik dilihat sebagai berasal dari generator irama tunggal. Dalam model ini, pentahapan diproduksi oleh inhibisi sinaptik timbal balik antara kelompok secara berurutan interneurons aktif. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun demikian, model alternatif telah diusulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperkuat oleh data eksperimen tertentu. Menurut model ini, ritme pernafasan yang dihasilkan oleh generator dua ditambah ritme yang berbeda anatomis, satu di </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Boetzinger_complex&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhixONzukXiVKUaIn6Meb7FCLTRwzQ" title="Pra-Boetzinger kompleks"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kompleks pra-Boetzinger</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjKHDhBqZTdPBFm_EXsiWEzMsqbZg#cite_note-18"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[19]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan yang lainnya di </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRetrotrapezoid_nucleus%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiOTRi_2ZN_qdf1pUrfxd1nfLO_4w" title="Retrotrapezoid inti (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">inti retrotrapezoid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> / parafacial </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_group&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiDWi5YUw5HePGo05qrzMnseNpadg" title="Pernapasan grup"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelompok pernapasan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . survei lebih lanjut memberikan bukti untuk hipotesis bahwa salah satu jaringan yang bertanggung jawab untuk irama inspirasi dan yang lainnya untuk irama kadaluarsa. Oleh karena itu, inspirasi dan berakhirnya adalah fungsi yang berbeda dan kita tidak menginduksi, lainnya adalah kepercayaan umum, tapi salah satu dari dua mendominasi perilaku dengan menghasilkan irama yang lebih cepat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menelan generator pola</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menelan melibatkan kontraksi dikoordinasikan lebih dari 25 pasang otot di oropharynx itu, laring dan esofagus, yang aktif selama fase orofaringeal, diikuti oleh gerak peristaltik esofagus primer. Menelan tergantung pada CPG terletak di medula oblongata, yang melibatkan beberapa batang otak inti motor dan dua kelompok utama interneurons: bagian punggung yang menelan kelompok (DSG) dalam nukleus solitarius bobot dan kelompok menelan ventral (VSG) yang terletak di medula ventrolateral di atas ambiguus inti. Neuron di DSG bertanggung jawab untuk generasi pola menelan, sementara mereka dalam mendistribusikan VSG perintah ke kolam berbagai motoneuronal. Seperti di CPGs lain, fungsi jaringan pusat dapat dipengaruhi oleh input perifer dan pusat, sehingga pola menelan disesuaikan dengan ukuran bolus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam jaringan ini, sambungan hambat pusat memainkan peranan penting, menghasilkan penghambatan rostrocaudal yang sejajar dengan anatomi rostrocaudal saluran menelan. Jadi, ketika neuron mengendalikan bagian proksimal saluran yang aktif, orang yang lebih perintah bagian distal yang terhambat. Selain dari jenis sambungan antara neuron, sifat intrinsik dari neuron, terutama neuron NTS, mungkin juga berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan dan waktu pola menelan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menelan adalah fleksibel. Ini berarti bahwa paling tidak beberapa neuron mungkin menelan multifungsi neuron dan kolam milik neuron yang umum untuk beberapa CPGs. Satu CPG tersebut adalah satu pernafasan yang telah diamati untuk berinteraksi dengan CPG menelan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rhythm generator</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola Tengah juga dapat memainkan peranan dalam ritme generasi untuk fungsi-fungsi lainnya pada hewan vertebrata. Sebagai contoh, sistem vibrissa tikus menggunakan CPG tidak konvensional untuk whisking gerakan. "Seperti CPGs lainnya, generator whisking dapat beroperasi tanpa masukan atau umpan balik korteks sensorik. Namun, tidak seperti CPGs lain, motoneurons vibrissa secara aktif berpartisipasi dalam rhythmogenesis dengan mengkonversi tonik serotonergik masukan ke keluaran motor bertanggung jawab atas pola pergerakan vibrisa itu".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bernafas adalah fungsi lain non-lokomotif generator pola sentral. Sebagai contoh, larva amfibi mencapai pertukaran gas terutama melalui ventilasi berirama dari insang. Sebuah studi oleh Broch, et al. menunjukkan bahwa ventilasi paru di batang otak kecebong mungkin didorong oleh mekanisme seperti alat pacu jantung, sedangkan adaptasi CPG pernafasan di kodok dewasa karena jatuh tempo. Dengan demikian, CPGs mengadakan berbagai fungsi pada hewan vertebrata dan secara luas beradaptasi dan variabel dengan usia, lingkungan dan perilaku. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi di invertebrate</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti dijelaskan sebelumnya, CPGs juga dapat berfungsi dalam berbagai cara pada hewan invertebrata. In the mollusc <i>Tritonia</i> , Dalam <i>Tritonia</i> moluska, CPG sebuah memodulasi penarikan refleksif, melarikan diri berenang dan merangkak CPGs juga digunakan dalam penerbangan di belalang dan untuk sistem respirasi pada serangga lain. pola generator Tengah memainkan peranan luas dalam semua binatang dan menunjukkan variabilitas dan kemampuan beradaptasi yang luar biasa di hampir semua kasus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori lainnya</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baru-baru ini, peran CPGs telah meragukan dan model alternatif telah diusulkan, di mana CPG tidak jaringan rhythmogenic, tetapi dipandang sebagai prosesor menengah yang dapat mengkoreksi umpan balik indera yang tidak sempurna dan menyesuaikan masukan pusat untuk ini dioptimalkan masukan perifer (Kuo, 2002). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&ei=YzPpS_SsKoW3rAeE0fGICg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator&ei=YzPpS_SsKoW3rAeE0fGICg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Digital pola generator </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah <b>generator pola digital</b> adalah peralatan tes elektronik atau perangkat lunak yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan rangsangan elektronika digital. elektronik digital rangsangan adalah jenis tertentu dari bentuk gelombang listrik yang bervariasi antara dua tegangan konvensional yang sesuai dengan dua negara logika ('negara rendah' dan 'tinggi negara', '0 'dan '1'). Tujuan utama dari sebuah generator pola digital adalah untuk merangsang masukan dari perangkat elektronik digital. Oleh karena itu, tingkat tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh generator pola digital sering kompatibel dengan elektronika digital I / O standar - </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTL&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgGl7ySeNRLCLXAq764caJOLsdCaA" title="TTL"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TTL</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , LVTTL, </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVCMOS&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhRLRddPuJk9Ejv_w0ABoAWSjMZew" title="LVCMOS"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LVCMOS</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVDS&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhholVb6DnZxcxperIzbACyZZuoaZw" title="LVDS"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LVDS</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , misalnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola digital kadang-kadang disebut sebagai generator pulsa 'atau' pulsa generator pola 'yang mungkin dapat berfungsi sebagai generator pola digital juga. Oleh karena itu, pembedaan antara dua jenis peralatan mungkin tidak jelas. Sebuah generator pola digital merupakan sumber stimulus digital sinkron; sinyal yang dihasilkan sangat menarik untuk menguji elektronika digital pada tingkat logika - inilah sebabnya mereka juga disebut 'logika sumber'. Sebuah generator pulsa adalah tujuan untuk menghasilkan bentuk pulsa listrik yang berbeda yaitu sebagian besar digunakan untuk pengujian di tingkat listrik atau analog. Nama lain yang umum untuk peralatan tersebut adalah 'logika digital sumber' atau 'sumber logika'. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola digital dapat menghasilkan baik berulang, atau single-shot sinyal dalam hal ini memicu semacam sumber diperlukan (internal atau eksternal). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis generator pola digital </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola digital saat ini tersedia sebagai <b>stand-alone unit, add-on modul perangkat keras</b> untuk peralatan lainnya seperti] logika analyzer [atau sebagai <b>peralatan berbasis PC.</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stand-alone unit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah perangkat mandiri yang meliputi segala sesuatu dari antarmuka pengguna untuk mendefinisikan pola yang harus dihasilkan ke elektronik yang benar-benar menghasilkan sinyal output. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa produsen peralatan pengujian generator mengusulkan pola sebagai <b>add-on modul</b> untuk analisa logika (lihat misalnya modul PG3A untuk TLA7000 seri 'Tektronix dari analisa logika). Dalam hal ini, pembuat pola adalah 'mitra generasi' dengan fungsi yang ditawarkan oleh analisator analisis logika. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PC berbasis generator pola digital</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang terhubung ke PC melalui port perangkat seperti PCI, USB dan / atau Ethernet (lihat misalnya 'Wave Generator Xpress "dari Paradigma Byte, terhubung melalui USB). Mereka menggunakan PC sebagai user interface untuk mendefinisikan dan menyimpan pola digital untuk dikirim. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fitur</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generator pola digital terutama dicirikan oleh sejumlah saluran digital, kecepatan maksimum dan tegangan standar didukung. </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah saluran digital mendefinisikan lebar maksimum dari setiap pola yang dihasilkan - biasanya, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32 bit generator pola. Sebuah generator pola 16-bit mampu menghasilkan digital sampel acak pada 1-16 bit. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat maksimum mendefinisikan interval waktu minimum antara 2 pola yang berurutan. Misalnya, 50 MHz (50 MSample / s) generator pola digital mampu output pola baru setiap 20 nanodetik. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standar tegangan didukung pada akhirnya menentukan set perangkat elektronik sebuah generator pola digital dapat digunakan dengan. Secara konkret, tegangan dan karakteristik transisi sinyal pada output dari generator pola digital akan memenuhi standar tersebut tegangan. Contoh standar tegangan didukung: </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTL&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgGl7ySeNRLCLXAq764caJOLsdCaA" title="TTL"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TTL</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , LVTTL, </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVCMOS&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhRLRddPuJk9Ejv_w0ABoAWSjMZew" title="LVCMOS"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LVCMOS</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVDS&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhholVb6DnZxcxperIzbACyZZuoaZw" title="LVDS"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LVDS</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar pola digital generator menambahkan fitur-fitur seperti kemampuan untuk menghasilkan suatu urutan berulang atau sinyal jam digital pada frekuensi tertentu, kemampuan untuk menggunakan input clock eksternal dan memicu pilihan, untuk memulai generasi pola berdasarkan penerimaan dari suatu peristiwa dari suatu eksternal masukan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi Umum</span></b></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elektronika Digital dan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjYCizQiTOiiQMge2jTn6FH02X_rw" title="Embedded system"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">embedded system</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pengujian dan debugging </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stimulasi dari </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg1DU926BzVYOCyt03Vdf64kswFLw" title="Pemrosesan sinyal digital"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemrosesan sinyal digital</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> perangkat keras </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjyMu01s8-ffezxunpr4HHVAebSaQ" title="Digital-to-analog converter"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital-to-analog converter</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> rangsangan </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Khusus generator pola digital</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digital video generator generator pola pola digital yang didedikasikan untuk generasi tes pola tertentu dalam format video digital tertentu seperti </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiO3AYTajhmjNwuJGwLPJ6_k9YCTg" title="Digital Visual Interface"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DVI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Multimedia_Interface&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgboZ2vkq1bNhM1amZr6GAogzMiOw" title="High-Definition Multimedia Interface"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HDMI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_pattern_generator&ei=YzPpS_SsKoW3rAeE0fGICg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_pattern_generator&ei=YzPpS_SsKoW3rAeE0fGICg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Custom Corset Pola Generator </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isi di bawah ini pengukuran, dan menerima instruksi individual pada menciptakan pola korset pas sempurna. Silakan putaran setiap pengukuran ke 1 / 2 inci terdekat, dan memberikan semua pengukuran dalam notasi desimal (yaitu, 2,5 bukan 2 1 / 2). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klik pada judul pengukuran untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana dan di mana untuk mengambil pengukuran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda akan menerima-demi-langkah instruksi langkah disesuaikan dengan ukuran Anda, disertai skala untuk menciptakan pola ilustrasi-dinamis untuk setiap langkah, Jika Anda mendapatkan rusak. Gifs untuk gambar kembali halaman tersebut dan mereka harus tampil baik-baik saja </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tolong beri saya </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://www.elizabethancostume.net/custompat/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpattern%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhglXqesQgREeTgRKUJ4q4-Y3H91TQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masukan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tentang bagaimana pola korset generator ini bekerja untuk Anda! Semakin komentar saya mendapatkan, semakin baik program ini akan menjadi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.elizabethancostume.net/"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.elizabethancostume.net/</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">LCD Monitor Test Pattern Generator</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengenalan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lcdtest adalah utilitas untuk menampilkan pola tes monitor LCD. Ini mungkin berguna untuk menyesuaikan frekuensi clock piksel dan fase pada LCD monitor saat menggunakan input analog, dan untuk menemukan piksel yang terjebak aktif atau tidak aktif. lcdtest menggunakan SDL perpustakaan, dan dikenal untuk bekerja di Linux dan Windows. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah beberapa contoh kecil dari beberapa pola tes yang tersedia: </span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><img align="left" alt="merah solid pola" height="147" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="171" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><img align="right" alt="hijau crosshatch pola" height="147" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="170" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><img align="right" alt="antarmuka waktu pixel analog / fase setup pola" height="147" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="170" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solid red merah Padat </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Green crosshatch Green crosshatch </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.0pt;" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analog interface pixel timing/phase setup pattern Analog antarmuka waktu pixel / fase setup pola </span></div></td> </tr>
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</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-53623249600181493202012-02-16T22:19:00.001-08:002012-02-16T22:19:51.767-08:00GIGA BASS<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://adibskemas.blogspot.com/2009/08/pa-giga-bass-350w.html">PA-giga bass 350W</a> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rangkaian ini menghasilkan suara bass mempunyai daya sekitar 350wattan,cocok untuk rangkain subwoofer<br />
</span><a href="http://img216.imageshack.us/img216/2225/gigabazzpa350w.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<h1>Multimedia speaker comparison: Altec Lansing Select 4100, Cambridge SoundWorks FPS1600, Creative Inspire Digital 5700 and Logitech Z-560</h1><address><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Review date: 12 January 2002.</span></address><address><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Last modified .</span></address><br />
The average quality of computer speaker systems is improving.<br />
That's not saying much. It couldn't get much worse.<br />
It's always been <b>possible</b> to connect a really good sound system to a PC - well, to any PC with sound hardware beyond the <a href="http://www.oldskool.org/">PC speaker</a>, anyway. Since all PC sound cards have a normal unbalanced one-stereo-pair line level output, you can just plug 'em straight into a stereo, home theatre or PA system of arbitrary gruntiness, and you're away.<br />
People don't generally do that, though. People generally plug in little dinky plastic speakers, instead. These usually have their own teeny amplifier built in, and they usually sound like a transistor radio falling down a drainpipe.<br />
I exaggerate. Slightly.<br />
Nowadays, though, sound cards with four (or more) channel output are dirt cheap. Games can use multi-channel surround sound, and it's pretty easy to convert a PC into an OK DVD player with surround output of various flavours. Even if all you want to do is play CDs and/or MP3s on your PC, a decent speaker system is obviously desirable.<br />
Accordingly, more and more people are buying fancier "multimedia" speaker systems.<br />
The basic kind of half-decent PC speaker system is the "2.1" channel setup, with two mid-to-high-frequency satellite speakers and one larger subwoofer - the ".1" part, since it's bass-only. Putting the (comparatively) big bass driver in a separate box lets you keep the total speaker system size down, since the satellites can stay pretty weedy; bass is non-directional, so it's OK to have just one bass speaker. Well, that's the theory, anyway.<br />
For multi-channel audio you need a couple of surround speakers as well, making a 4.1 channel system; for full home theatre with a centre front speaker as well, the term is 5.1 channel.<br />
<a href="http://www.audiovideo101.com/dictionary/subwoofer.asp">Subwoofers</a> are meant to be what the name suggests - below a <a href="http://www.audiovideo101.com/dictionary/woofer.asp">woofer</a>, and dealing only with the really low bass. Certainly below 80Hz (cycles per second) and probably below 40Hz. Once you're down below 40Hz, you're actually rather deeper than you need, for a lot of program material. A great deal of music doesn't have any bass to speak of below about 60Hz, and most listening rooms are small enough that you need amazing amounts of power and/or a very efficient sub to get a decent amount of audio energy into the air at that frequency.<br />
30Hz sound waves are more than 11 metres long; if your listening room is considerably smaller than that in all dimensions (which it probably is) then you're pushing fertiliser uphill if you want high output at that frequency.<br />
Never mind that if you're shopping for a multimedia speaker system, though, because their "subwoofers" are almost without exception nothing like as beefy as a "proper" sub. They typically use five or six inch "drivers" (the actual round electromechanical transducer things that make the noise), in some kind of ported cabinet (not just a sealed box) that gives them reasonable efficiency (amount of noise per unit power). These high-efficiency ported enclosures also, however, have a hefty hump in their efficiency curve in some reasonably bass-ish region of the frequency axis; the higher the hump is and the lower the frequency it occurs at, the "bassier" the little sub will sound. A really high resonance peak, though, will drown out other frequencies; the sub will resonate like a drum, and sound very crummy.<br />
The drivers in small subs aren't likely to have an intrinsic resonance below about 60Hz, and may only manage 80Hz or more. Middle C is 261Hz (or so; it varies with the tuning of your instrument), and every octave is a factor-of-two frequency change, so 65Hz is only a couple of octaves below middle C. That's not exactly subterranean bass; normal pianos go an octave and a bit lower.<br />
It's really, <b>really</b> difficult to get worthwhile response out of any speaker much below the resonance of the bass driver it uses, so 50Hz response, at best, is all you can reasonably expect from pretty much any multimedia speaker subwoofers. The small speaker boxes count against these subs as well; all things being equal, the smaller the box, the lousier the bass response.<br />
As if that's not enough, these "subwoofers" often have to work as midrange speakers as well, because they're teamed up with really tiny satellite speakers which have a hard time playing anything below about 200Hz. Getting response up to, and past, 200Hz out of a six inch bass driver is easy. But if you do it, you end up with a subwoofer whose location is obvious, because it's not playing bass and nothing else. Because real bass is non-directional, a properly set up subwoofer can't be located by ear. If the sub has to play higher frequencies, though, it becomes much harder to get yourself a good stereo soundstage.<br />
Fortunately, as demonstrated by the popularity of horrible little two-box speaker systems, most multimedia speaker buyers are... what's that euphemism for "cloth-eared gits", again... oh yes, "non-critical listeners".<br />
Everybody's a non-critical listener when they're not really paying attention to whatever sounds are being played at them. If you're a non-critical listener <b>all</b> of the time, though, you're lucky. You don't need a fancy speaker system. Anything that doesn't catch fire will do.<br />
This may rule out the very cheapest 2.1 channel systems, but there are still lots of options.<br />
If you're a critical listener but you don't need a speaker system that buzzes your booty, just buy yourself a good pair of headphones. Allow me to recommend Sennheiser's <a href="http://www.sennheiserusa.com/pages/products/headphones/590.htm">HD-590</a>s. If you're into games with 3D positional audio, you don't need multiple speakers for accurate sound location spotting; two headphone transducers will work <b>better</b>. You only have two ears, after all.<br />
If you want to feel the action as much as hear it, though, headphones are no good. And they're also unhelpful if you want to engage in social movie viewing.<br />
There is, therefore, definitely good reason for many people to buy a multi-channel speaker system.<br />
And I've checked out a few recent offerings.<br />
<h3>Altec Lansing Select 4100</h3><div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/al4100400.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>For a list price of $AU399, Altec Lansing's <a href="http://www.altec-lansing.com/webapp/commerce/command/ProductDisplay?prrfnbr=996342&prmenbr=9490">Select 4100 4.1 Speaker System</a> is well above the price of the entry-level Taiwanese cheapies. It's also obviously superior, if all you care about is looks (see "non-critical listeners", above). Mind you, the 4100's supposed to deliver "the optimum in 4-channel sound performance", too.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alsats440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The weirdest thing about the 4100 system is the satellite speakers. They're officially specified as being 2.25 inches wide by 2.5 inches deep by 7.3 inches high (57 by 63.5 by 185.5mm), but they're actually even smaller than that suggests; if you don't count the plinths at the bottom, these things are only about 30mm deep. The shiny parts are cast aluminium, and the sats feel very solid. Unfortunately, they also fall over backwards rather easily, because the plinths don't extend much behind their Z-axis centre of gravity. But one suffers for one's art.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/almicro440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>There isn't a lot of room for drivers in satellites this skinny, so Altec Lansing have used these one inch "Micro Drivers", with aluminium dish-cones, a cloth roll surround that gives them more fore-and-aft movement capability than most tiny drivers, and a swish looking plastic bar across the front of each driver to protect it from damage.<br />
The result is, definitely, one cool looking little speaker. It's also a speaker that really can't reproduce anything from medium-midrange on down, though. These satellites lean on the subwoofer more than usual.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alsub440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>The Select 4100 system subwoofer's a medium sized unit (8.5 inches wide, 12.5 inches deep, 14 inches high; 216 by 317.5 by 355.5mm) with a pair of forward-firing 5.25 inch drivers (when you've only got a little sub, every quarter inch counts) and a rear-facing port.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alsubback420.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>The back of the sub has all of the connectors, and the mains power cable. The speaker terminals are somewhat downmarket RCA connectors; the speaker leads are permanently attached to the satellites at the other end.<br />
RCAs are OK for lower powered systems like this, provided you don't get your cables confused and connect some other gadget's line level to the speaker level output; that can barbecue the other widget.<br />
Apart from that, RCAs are simple to connect and make it impossible to wire speakers backwards; positive and negative always end up in the right place. But simple spring terminals are better if you want to be able to extend the cables.<br />
Hooking up the 4100's speakers is easy enough, as long as you don't expect Altec Lansing's colour coding of the connectors to help you. OK, I suppose they couldn't use green, blue or pink, on the grounds that those are standard "PC99" colours used for sound card connectors, these days. But they instead settled on purple, orange, brown and "gold", with a little block of each colour printed above each connector; to my eyes the last three look like three different shades of tan. In good light, for someone with good colour vision, it's not likely to be a problem. Since you're more likely to be plugging this thing together under your desk, though, the colour coding is of questionable value.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alremote440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>You get a funky remote control with the 4100 system, as well. It's a wired remote, and connects to the subwoofer with a single thick-ish cable. For desktop use you can hook the remote into a weighty aluminium stand; if you want to hand-hold it, you can unhook it. There are no controls anywhere else; it's all done with the remote.<br />
Mind you, there's not <b>that</b> much you can do. There's "gaming" mode, in which the front and rear stereo inputs each come out of the satellite pair you'd expect, with the bass from both inputs sent to the sub.<br />
If you're only using the front input but still want all four satellite speakers to work, you use "stereo X2" mode, which duplicates the front input to the rear as well.<br />
There's bass, treble and volume adjustment, too, all done with the no-end-stops digital knob on the remote. And that's it for the controls.<br />
The Select 4100 also has an auxiliary input, but that just sits on top of the front stereo pair; it can't be selected separately. More usefully, there's a headphone socket as well; it's on the top of the remote, next to the cable entry point. Plugging in 'phones mutes the speakers.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alremon440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>The remote is replete with green LEDs, under neat oval lenses.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alelectro440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>Inside the 4100 subwoofer there's a pretty typical scene. One short flared port - the trumpet-like ends of the port help minimise air turbulence, which can create unpleasant noises. A few amplifier chips bolted onto a good-sized heat sink; the sink's entirely inside the box and so doesn't get a lot of cooling air flow, but it's big enough that overheating shouldn't be an issue. Cable ties and hot-melt glue blobs prevent wires from buzzing against other components, and keep plugs and sockets mated. The discrete components on the circuit board don't quite seem to have been put there by a neatness freak, but it works. It'll do.<br />
There's no acoustic damping material inside this subwoofer. A wad of sound-absorbing stuff - <a href="http://www.pslc.ws/mactest/pet.htm">polyester</a> fibre, usually, in modern speakers - strategically placed in a speaker will damp out unwanted box resonances, and also make the box acoustically larger by slowing down the sound waves. It'll also reduce the efficiency of the speaker, though. And it could lead to overheating of internal amplifiers. And it's not free. So un-lagged designs are common among computer speakers, and this is one of them.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alamp440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>The 4100's powered by three <a href="http://www.st.com/">ST Microelectronics</a> TDA7265 amp chips, each good for 25+25W stereo output if you're mean to them and have a beefy enough power supply, or rather less if you're not, and you don't.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/alsubdrv400.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>The drivers in the subwoofer aren't magnetically shielded - not a very big deal unless you for some reason have to put the sub next to your monitor.<br />
Most speakers have a power rating printed on the back; these ones don't. Judging by the size of the magnet assembly, though, the 35 watt RMS rating of the subwoofer's not entirely unrealistic. That doesn't mean it's being sent that much power, but it could probably handle it without dying.<br />
The satellite speakers are rated at 7 watts each, for a total system power of 70 watts RMS (OK, 71, but no doubt someone's rounding off somewhere). There's also, however, the <a href="http://www.altec-lansing.com/webapp/commerce/command/ProductDisplay?prrfnbr=996341&prmenbr=9490">Select 2100</a>, a 2.1 channel version of the 4100, with no headphone socket or aux connector and with a simpler remote, which only lists for $AU249. The 2100's only rated at 26 watts RMS, which doesn't quite add up. I presume it's just got fewer amp chips in there, and a dinkier power supply for them.<br />
In listening tests, the 4100 subwoofer showed a substantial in-room response peak well above 100Hz (which is <b>not</b> the dominant native resonance of this room) and dropped off from there, ending up not-too-useful below 75Hz. That's pretty good performance for a sub this size; you can't expect drink-spilling bass from five-and-a-bit-inch drivers.<br />
I flung a selection of different music at all of the speakers in this comparison; among other things, each of them got to take a swing at Talking Heads' "Burning Down The House", Vivaldi's "Four Seasons", and a large-organ rendition of J.S. Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in D Minor".<br />
Talking Heads were never afraid of bass, and Burning Down The House is actually likely to be about the bassiest track that most stereos ever have to play, provided their owner isn't into boom-car music created by people whose middle name is, literally, "Bass". The peculiar pumping bassline in this track is particularly mean to inadequate speakers turned up too far, so it's excellent test music.<br />
For this track, the Altec Lansing sub certainly didn't give the bass the window-popping power it ought to have, but neither did it make any awful noises. Plenty of people have damaged the voice coils of lousy speakers trying to get the right kicked-in-the-kidneys feel out of them for music like this; the 4100 sub doesn't overstretch itself.<br />
The weeny drivers in the satellites kept up OK with the sub; they're not the crispest small speakers I've ever heard, but minor bass and treble tweaking lets you attain a pleasing balance. And the whole system managed to play more than acceptably loudly. Well, loudly enough for any normal computer room, anyway; you can't expect a computer speaker system to manage rockin' party volume levels.<br />
The Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 565, often referred to by people who wouldn't know a Bach Werke Verzeichnis number if it danced on their desk wearing lederhosen as just plain "Toccata", played on a <a href="http://www.dtrmusic.com/orgircol.html">big ol' organ</a> by a <a href="http://www.carlo.com/">typically reticent organist</a>, is actually less of a bass test than the Talking Heads track. But to do thud and blunder pipe organ music justice, you need the ability to move a lot of air, and small subwoofers don't have that ability. So, once again, the Altec Lansing system didn't shake the floor much. But it didn't buzz or rattle either, and the satellites remained OK.<br />
Deleting bass from the equation by switching to light and airy Vivaldi emphasised the fact that this "subwoofer" is playing plenty of midrange, but that's a standard problem of every multimedia speaker system I've seen. And despite the tiny drivers in the satellites, the 4100 sub doesn't seem to have a worse case of midrange-itis than the average.<br />
For fine musical detail, I'm not in love with the 4100's satellites; they're not rubbish, but I've heard plenty of super-cheapo satellites that're no worse. Need bigger drivers. Need more midrange.<br />
Getting away from critical listening, the 4100 system's performance for games was fine. Many games don't actually have a lot of super-low bass, because it sounds lousy through the crummy speaker systems that most people use. Accordingly, a somewhat above average subwoofer like this one is likely to sound A-OK, and it does.<br />
I wouldn't be surprised if Altec Lansing have given the 4100's sub channel a bandpass filter, instead of just a low-pass one; when there actually is really low bass in the input signal, I think the pre-amplifier's just throwing it away, and benefiting considerably as a result. That's the way all sensible speakers should behave, but a lot of cheap computer subs just let everything through, whether they've got a hope of playing it or not.<br />
The Select 4100's a pleasing enough system, but it's not super-cheap. If you only need stereo and not surround, and if you want a funkalicious-looking set of speakers for your office's show-off front desk, or indeed for the computer desk visible through the vast picture window of your obnoxiously bourgeoise residence, the cheaper 2100 could be it. But if you're not already totally sold on the <b>look</b> of these systems, the sound's unlikely to change your mind.<br />
<h3>Cambridge SoundWorks FourPointSurround FPS1600</h3><div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fps1600440.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></div>Into the bargain bin we go.<br />
Creative/Cambridge SoundWorks' <a href="http://csw.creative.com/products/fps1600/">FPS1600</a> 4.1 channel system is simple, straightforward, unpretentious and cheap.<br />
<a href="http://www.auspcmarket.com.au/">Aus PC Market</a> used to sell the the FPS1600 for $AU220, however they no longer stock it (<a href="http://www.auspcmarket.com.au/show_product_categories.php?input%5bcategory_id%5d=40" target="_blank">click here</a> to see their current case-related products). The prices I've got for the other speakers are full list from the manufacturers, not street; you can reasonably expect them to be a decent amount cheaper from many retailers, especially if you can stand to wait a little while. But even taking this into account, none of the other systems are going to be as cheap as the FPS1600.<br />
If you're in the States, various dealers already list the FPS1600 for less than $US60. Can't complain about that.<br />
When you're dealing with a "budget" 4.1 system, you have to make allowances. Creative's expensive Inspire 5700 (see below) gets no such charity, but at less than a quarter of the price, you can't expect too much from the FPS1600.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpssats440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The FPS1600 satellites are very basic. Small plastic boxes. Slide-in stands. Wire. Sound, for the reproducing of, four. They're 89mm (3.5 inch) cubes not including the stands, and they should be easy to fit into all but the most gadget-packed computer room.<br />
The satellites can't be dismantled without the assistance of a hacksaw, but peering through the grille reveals that they contain a driver that might qualify as a 2.5 incher, with a following wind. That's about as big a transducer as you could fit into such little boxes, and it bodes well. There might even be some damping material in there, too. Who knows.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpssub440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>This is not what you'd call a humungous subwoofer, either. It's almost exactly cubic, and 189 by 189 by 190mm (about 7.5 inches each way), so you couldn't possibly wedge a driver much bigger than six inches in diameter into it.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpsbass440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>What it's got is a five incher, if you measure from the edges of its pressed-steel basket. The actual piston diameter's more like four inches. Little box, little speaker. Fair enough.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpsvolcont440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Possibly the most basic remote control you'll ever see.<br />
The FPS1600 wired remote has just this one knob, but it's switched; turn it all the way down and you turn the speakers off. The remote slides into a little plastic doohickey which can be attached with provided double-sided tape to anything you like.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpsconns440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The connectors on the back of the FPS1600 sub are more simple 1/8th inch stereo jacks for input and RCA sockets for speakers. There's a mini-DIN plug for the remote control, a DC input connector, and a knob to set the bass level.<br />
There's no channel-mixing control provided, but the FPS1600 pre-amplifier still lets you do four speaker output from a single stereo-pair input; if you've only connected the "front" input, all four satellites get the signal. Connect the other input and you'll only hear from the rear satellites if there's a signal going to the rear input.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpspsu440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The whole thing runs from an outboard 12 volt power supply with a 2.9 amp rating, which means the FPS1600 can't possibly have more than about 35 watts of output power. 30 watts, at most, is likely to be more like it. With reasonable efficiency, though, this is plenty; efficiency is more important than power handling in speaker systems.<br />
Ten watts only sounds twice as loud as one watt, but an efficient speaker can sound much louder than an inefficient one from the same modest power input. Most listening's done at only a few watts, so modest power output isn't anything awful.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpssubopen440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The little woofer in the FPS1600 sub has a 20 watt rating - and maybe it can even be sent that much power by the amplifier. The only unusual thing about this driver is that although it's magnetically shielded and thus safe to use next to a CRT monitor, it lacks the metal cap on the back that most such drivers have, so you can see the simple way in which the shielding's done. That's a second, smaller magnet stuck on the rear pole piece of the actual voice coil magnet; it's turned around so that the two magnets repel each other, and the result is a somewhat convoluted but smaller than normal external magnetic field.<br />
Creative <a href="http://csw.creative.com/products/fps1600/specs.asp">quote</a> halfway plausible power numbers for the FPS1600 - six watts per satellite, 17 watts for the sub, at a rather obnoxious 10% total harmonic distortion. That adds up to more than six watts more than the power brick's rating, but I've seen much greater... optimism... from makers of small speakers.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpsguts440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Peer inside the FPS1600 sub and you see a box which is, proportionally speaking, closer to being filled with electronics than most. There's another internal heat sink, and more hot-melt glue encouraging components to stay where they are.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/fpsamp440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The only amp chip I could find without breaking out the tenon saw was this Philips <a href="http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/pip/TDA8511J/N1">TDA8511J</a>, a four-channel amplifier that's presumably driving the satellite speakers and which has a redline output power of 13 watts per channel, into two ohm loads and from a 15 volt supply. Here, it's feeding four ohm speakers (I couldn't get into the satellites to look for impedance figures on the backs of the drivers, but Mister Multimeter worked just as well) from 12 volts, so it's probably good for about four and a half watts per channel. That'll do fine.<br />
In listening tests, the FPS1600 subwoofer was obviously inferior to the Altec Lansing Select 4100 sub. The satellites, however, were about as nice-sounding as the Altec Lansing ones, if not better. I wouldn't complain about that, if I were you. Whaddaya want for $AU220 delivered?<br />
The sub has a resonance peak around the 110 to 120Hz mark, and drops off smoothly below that, for the sort of frankly lousy low-bass response that I've come to expect from very small subwoofers.<br />
One area in which this subwoofer, unfortunately, excels, is port noise. If you try to get <a href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=phat">phat</a> bass by winding up the sub level control, what you'll actually get is a really intrusive response peak around the little sub's resonance, and a ton of obnoxious "chuffing" noises from the small, sharp-edged port. Small sharp ports act like a poorly engineered whistle when you move too much air through them.<br />
It's quite easy to get the FPS1600 sub to make these noises, and they're annoying. You can minimise their audibility by setting up the sub so that the port faces away from you, and preferably towards something that isn't acoustically reflective. Don't put the port hard up against anything, though; that'll foul up the box tuning and eat most of the bass.<br />
No matter what you do, for any significant volume level, you're unlikely to get away with setting the FPS1600's sub level knob above the half-way mark.<br />
Burning Down The House's bass was... well, it was <b>there</b>, kinda, I guess, as long as I stuck to moderate volume levels. The sub was waving a little "Here I am!" flag in the low midrange, because that was about all it was playing, but careful positioning can minimise that. It was listenable. I didn't hate it.<br />
For organ music, the FPS1600 sub gave it the ol' college try, but the floorboards weren't moving. The sub wasn't begging for death, either, mind you, as long as I was kind to it by keeping the volume down to sub-party levels.<br />
Again, though, it really didn't stink. It was sort of like listening to an organ recital from outside the cathedral, through an open window. But it wasn't like listening to one from the basement, or the top of the belltower. And the dead simple unprocessed all-four-satellites playback style's perfectly adequate for music like this, which is <b>meant</b> to envelop you.<br />
For light classical music, the cheapo FPS1600 satellites didn't disgrace themselves at all. An amazing sonic revelation it wasn't, but neither did the little cubic sats honk or whine at me. The sub location was pretty obvious, again, because it was handling a chunk of midrange. But that's a problem that the more expensive multimedia systems have too.<br />
If you want maximum bass kick for your game playing, though, the FPS1600 ain't gonna give it to you. The satellites sound perfectly fine for the money, but the sub is just a little tacker.<br />
The resonance hump of this little sub makes it an excellent object lesson in the limitations of really small bass boxes. There are about three bass notes that this sub'll play really loudly; anything higher it can play acceptably, anything lower fades away to nothing. This is an inescapable result of tuning a tiny box to produce something resembling real bass; you end up with a response curve that looks like a kiddy slide, with the peak sitting as low as the designers could get it, but seldom below about 80Hz, and commonly around 100Hz for truly small "subwoofers" like this one.<br />
But, for the money, I like the FPS1600. It's cheap and cheerful, its remote volume control is handy, it looks nice, and it really doesn't sound <b>that</b> bad. If you're on a budget but want surround sound, check it out.<br />
<h3>Creative Inspire 5.1 Digital 5700</h3><div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57kit440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>And now, at the other end of the spectrum, Creative's show-off speaker system, the <a href="http://www.americas.creative.com/products/product.asp?Product=220&Nav=B">Inspire 5700</a>.<br />
At $AU899 non-delivered list price, this is not a cheap noisemaker. It is, in fact, expensive enough to be competing with real basic home theatre gear - not just all-in-one midi systems with surround speakers, but proper stand-alone surround amplifiers. You can't get a whole new quality surround system for $AU899 new, but you <b>can</b> get a new surround amp and cheapo used speakers; five anything-speakers from <a href="http://www.lileks.com/institute/motel/red2.html">The Decade Taste Forgot</a> will probably still sound better than any tiny multimedia speaker, and will tide you over until you can afford something better. The Inspire 5700 system has one-box convenience in its favour, but it'd better have something more as well, if it wants to mix it with the big boys.<br />
The 5700's feature list is certainly complete. Full 5.1 channel operation, digital inputs, compatibility with various surround encoding modes, wireless remote, partridge, pear tree.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/creacontrol400.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>It's all built around this control box...<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/creaconns360.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>...which features an imposing collection of connectors on the back.<br />
There are six RCA connectors for the speakers - <b>not</b> very professional-looking, Creative - but things get better from there. You get front and rear 1/8th inch stereo plug inputs, but you also get one of Creative's proprietary Digital DIN inputs (non-Sound Blaster users need not apply), plus standard electrical and optical S/PDIF digital inputs. And, impressively, you can hook up sources to every input and switch between them as you like. And all of the cables are included, too.<br />
Use any of the digital inputs to feed the Inspire 5700 a Dolby Digital, DTS or Dolby Pro Logic encoded surround signal and it'll automatically detect it and enable that mode. You can do Pro Logic through the analogue input as well, but then you have to press a button to enable it.<br />
The last two connectors on the back panel are a standard subwoofer line out in case you want to upgrade the provided sub, and a power input jack. That's there because...<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57psu440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>...this system, despite its premium price, runs from a lump-in-a-wire power supply, just like the little FPS1600.<br />
Since this 15 volt power brick is clearly labelled with its four amp, 60 volt-amp maximum rating, there's no way this system can actually be outputting more than 60 watts at any given moment, unless the power supply rating is conservative or the amplifier efficiency is over one hundred percent. In which case Inspire 5700 amplifiers can solve all of the world's energy problems.<br />
Creative, however, <a href="http://www.americas.creative.com/products/product.asp?Product=220&Nav=B">claim</a> the sub's good for 30 watts, with another 21 from the centre speaker and seven watts each from the satellites, giving a total of 79 watts. Ah well. As explained above, power overstatements aren't exactly a Big Lie.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/crearem440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>You get a little infra-red remote control with the Inspire 5700 that can control every feature except the sub, centre and surround levels. The volume knob on the control box is motorised, so it turns in response to remote input.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57spk440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The 5700 satellite speakers are little oblong things about 92 by 92 by 112mm (3.6 by 3.6 by 4.4 inches) in size; the curved-front centre speaker's larger - 89 by 166 by 108mm (3.5 by 6.5 by 4.25 inches). The satellites contain weeny little two-and-a-bit-inch drivers, but there's a mighty 2.5 incher in the centre speaker. You get five springy little plastic stands for the small speakers, but there's also an extra angled one for the centre speaker which you can use if you're putting it on top of a monitor and want it to point down at your face.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57spkguts440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Inside the small speakers is, wonder of wonders, a bit of acetate fibre wadding, and drivers rated at 10 watts RMS for the satellites and 12 watts for the centre speaker.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57sub440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The Inspire 5700 subwoofer's a beefy looking unit, 284 by 262 by 264mm in size (11.2 by 10.3 by 10.4 inches). Remove its grille and you see an apparently very serious eight inch driver.<br />
But something is amiss. This thing doesn't weigh enough. OK, the amplifier hardware's in the control box, not in the sub, but shouldn't there be a big heavy magnet on the back of that big show-off cone?<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57subradoff440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Well, no. The eight inch cone on the front of the Inspire subwoofer isn't actually a speaker driver - it's a passive radiator, which has some of the qualities of a speaker and some of the qualities of a port. Basically, it's a speaker cone and roll surround, without any electromagnetic components on the back of it. Behind the radiator is an empty sealed sub-chamber taking up about half of the subwoofer's volume, and on the back wall of that chamber there's a six inch (to be charitable) driver. The back wall of the passive radiator chamber is the front wall of the smaller bass driver's own sealed sub-enclosure, which is packed with fluffy wadding.<br />
Creative call this design "Symmetrically Loaded Acoustic Module" or "SLAM", and they have <a href="http://asia.creative.com/speakers/inspire5700/creativeslam.html">lots to say</a> about how way-cool this technology is supposed to be. Every other speaker maker says similar things about their own fancy-acronymed speaker designs, though; sensible customers are now justly skeptical about each new Binaurally Integrated Giga-Bass Acoustic Linear Loading System (BIGBALLS) innovation.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/c57subin440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Creative claim a modest 30 watt power rating for the subwoofer, but the printing on the back of the six inch driver is even more modest; it's a 20 watt unit. The centre speaker's meant to be 21 watts, but the back of the driver says 12; you can maybe get a bit more through it by feeding it only frequencies that it can easily handle (which is what all good sub-sat systems should do), but 21 watts is still stretching it. Mind you, the satellites are only rated by Creative at seven watts each, but they've got 10 watt rated drivers. Maybe they're only driven by seven watt amplifier channels.<br />
Never mind the power numbers; the Creative rig has good enough efficiency to play louder than you're likely to want in the average computer room. If you want a real nightclub deafening then you're going to have to pay more for a real hi-fi system, but as computer speakers go, these are loud ones.<br />
Despite the system's complexity, it's also quite easy to set up and tweak. There's a basic test mode that plays white noise through each of the six channels in turn, but that's not good for much beyond making sure that everything's plugged in and sitting in the right place. More usefully, the separate subwoofer, centre and surround level knobs on the control box make it easy to get the respective levels set up properly.<br />
If you're listening to a plain stereo source, the Inspire 5700 lets you hear it "dry", through the front speakers and sub only, with or without the centre speaker contributing, depending on whether you turn the centre level down or not. If you want surround added to your stereo, you can turn on one of two Creative Multi Speaker Surround (CMSS) "upmix" modes. These modes synthesise surround sound with or without lots of movie-theatre delay ("movie" and "music" mode, respectively), and they sound better than straight four-speaker channel-duplicating. I wouldn't say the difference is worth a lot of money, but it's nice to have.<br />
If you want something that can do all of this fancy surround decoding and synthesising stuff, then the Inspire 5700 is the only system on this page that can manage it. Beyond that fact, though, I found its performance in my listening tests quite underwhelming. Not rubbish, but not good enough to justify the price.<br />
For a start, the "SLAM" subwoofer doesn't do a whole lot of slamming. That big passive radiator doesn't rescue it from the same quite high resonance as every other five-to-six-inch-drivered baby-sub. This is not an animal-frightening sub, even though it looks like one.<br />
For Burning Down The House, the Inspire 5700 subwoofer was pretty weak. Not appalling, but not even as good as the Altec-Lansing sub, which has considerably more driver area. Passive radiators don't count as drivers.<br />
You can turn this sub up good and loud, but if you do so then you just get more high-bass muddy rumbling and no more low-bass kick. At least, unlike the little FPS1600 subwoofer, this one has zero port-chuff problems. No port equals no port noise.<br />
The Inspire 5700 satellites behaved themselves, but they're nothing amazing. One little plastic box is much like another, unless it's got a really awesome driver in it, and these ones don't. Creative <a href="http://asia.creative.com/speakers/inspire5700/creativeslam.html">bang on</a> about the "image focusing" curved front baffle of these speakers, but all that's likely to do, if it does anything at all, is somewhat widen the "sweet spot" of the speakers. Since sub-sat systems like this are usually set up aimed at one chair, you don't need very wide dispersion speakers.<br />
The 5700 isn't too bad for the organ music. There wasn't much floorboard movement, but there weren't any nasty noises, either. The system managed respectable overall volume, and playing with the two CMSS modes produced pleasing four speaker effects, superior to plain stereo doubling.<br />
On to the Vivaldi, and the sub waves a Here I Am Playing You Some Nice Fuzzy Midrange flag. Thanks to a crossover that babies the satellite speakers, turning the sub down to nothing removed the cello entirely from the mix in Vivaldi's Four Seasons. The fact that a big chunk of midrange has to fight its way out through the passive radiator in the sub must do some weird things to the response curve of this system. It didn't sound awful, but for the money I'd expect more.<br />
For games, this system's nothing special. The sub looks tough but it isn't really, so you don't get any more bowel-jiggling explosion-enhancement from this system than from various cheaper ones. You can use the subwoofer line out to connect a better sub if you like, of course, but then you're talking extra expense, and a "proper" home theatre system, once again, beckons.<br />
Overall, I certainly don't <b>hate</b> the Inspire 5700, but the speakers should be better, for the money. It can be done, as we'll see in a moment.<br />
If I were considering buying the Inspire 5700, I'd also consider a basic surround receiver, like the <a href="http://www.yamaha.com/cgi-win/webcgi.exe/DsplyModel/?gAVR00010RX-V420">Yamaha RX-V420</a> for instance, instead. Or, of course, various even cheaper yum-cha brand receivers.<br />
A surround receiver won't work with Digital DIN Sound Blaster output, but basic models like the Yamaha can do everything else the Creative control box does, generally have even more inputs, and have a lot more output power too. Grab random speakers from garage sales and your local <a href="http://www.tradingpost.com.au/">classified ad paper</a> while you save for something nicer, and you'll be able to get a system that sounds better than the Inspire 5700 for around the same price.<br />
If you want it all in one box, off the shelf, today, then the Inspire 5700 isn't that bad. But it's just a deluxe control centre attached to some budget speakers. Nothing more.<br />
<h3>Logitech Z-560</h3>So where <b>do</b> I find a multimedia speaker system with a really grunty subwoofer, I hear you ask?<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/ltkit440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>You find it right here, baby.<br />
Logitech aren't a big name in PC speakers, but their <a href="http://www.logitech.com/cf/products/productoverview.cfm/3263">Z-560</a> system ought to make them one. Its full list price is only $AU499 (it's selling in the States for less than $US150 from some dealers), and it's a 4.1 system with a sub that looks as beefy as the Inspire 5700's. Unlike the Inspire sub, though, this one can actually clean nearby carpet with reasonable effectiveness.<br />
First, though, the satellites.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/ltsat440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The four Z-560 satellites are rather bigger and heavier than most computer speaker sats, and they're better looking too, if you ask me. The shiny spike in the middle of the three inch driver in these chunky ported cabinets isn't attached to the cone - it's a "phase plug" that does the same basic dust-excluding job as the simple hemispherical dust cap on most drivers, but is firmly fixed to the stationary magnet assembly.<br />
Phase plugs in fancy hi-fi drivers are there partly to reduce the mass of the diaphragm assembly, partly to reduce distortion caused by non-linear movement of hybrid cone/hemisphere diaphragms, partly to help the magnet assembly stay cool, and partly to keep the motor assembly's magnetic field where it's meant to be. Logitech make grand claims about what this phase plug's meant to do, including some puffery about time alignment, but I'm inclined to think that in this speaker it's mainly just there for pretty. So I'm a cynic. So sue me.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/lsatwall440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The aluminium stands on the satellite speakers can be removed using a supplied hex wrench and rotated 180 degrees, into this wall-mount configuration. Which is nice. The satellites also have (drum roll) proper speaker terminals, not dodgy RCA leads; the system comes with plain figure-8 cable to connect them, but you can also use your own leads terminating in banana plugs, if you like.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/subback440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The box of the Z-560 subwoofer is about 280 by 280 by 330mm in size (11 by 11 by 13 inches), but it's made bigger by this imposing fin-forest sticking out the back. It's got a frankly huge port on one side (not visible in the above picture) and a genuine eight inch driver on the front; this, along with all that heat sinking, indicates that there really ought to be some proper bass hiding inside this thing.<br />
The satellite terminals on the subwoofer are normal spring connectors, which means it's possible to wire the satellites out of phase. That's bad; it'll screw up your stereo image, and create an audio sensation best described as feeling like a stuffy head cold. The cables for the satellites have, as is normal, one marked wire; decide on whether you want that wire to be positive or negative, and use your decision as your guide as you connect red to red and black to black for all four sets of satellite and subwoofer terminals.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/ltcont400.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>The Z-560's operated from this "SoundTouch Control Center", which connects to the subwoofer with one cable and to your computer with a couple of 1/8th inch plug leads. It gives you a power switch, a volume control, a bass knob, a "fade" knob to control the surround speaker level, and an "M3D" button that activates Logitech's own version of the make-surround-out-of-stereo idea. There's a blue light-ring around the volume control, and a green ring around the M3D button when it's on. There's a speaker-muting headphone socket, but there's no treble level knob.<br />
There's also no surround decoding, and no digital anything; this speaker system has two stereo inputs, and that's it.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/lamp440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Undo a plethora of screws and flop down the subwoofer's electronics module...<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/lelectro440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>...and you can see that, as far as sheer weight of electronic components goes, the Z-560 definitely beats the rest of the systems I've looked at on this page.<br />
There are six amplifier ICs, four on one side of the heat sink and two on the other. I removed the clamps holding a couple of the chips onto the heat sink and discovered that they were both ST Microelectronics TDA7293s; I'm assuming that the rest are, too. These chips only have a unit retail price of about $US6, but they're darn impressive for the money.<br />
How much power you can wring out of a TDA7293 depends on how much supply voltage you give it, and how much distortion you're willing to tolerate. If the datasheet for the TDA7293V that I found at the ST Micro site is applicable to the no-V TDA7293, then these chips are good for 110 watts each, or more, from 45 volts and at 10% total harmonic distortion. If you want a much less obnoxious 0.1% distortion, you still get 50 watts per chip, assuming enough supply power. So this module could easily have 300 watts of amplifier power.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/subinside440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>If, that is, it's getting 300 watts of low voltage from its supply transformer, lurking at the bottom left there behind that extraordinary saxophone port.<br />
The port's flared at both ends for chuff reduction; ignoring the flare, it's about three inches in diameter, which is big. Wider ports are good, but wider ports also have to be longer, which explains the funny shape of this one.<br />
Getting back to the transformer, though - it's a little smaller than any 300VA transformer I've previously seen, but it could be 300VA, and could power a high efficiency amp of close to 300 watts. I'd be surprised if the Z-560's amp module outputs more than 300 watts, though, and I wouldn't be surprised at all if it was actually 250 or 200.<br />
This matters, because the Z-560 has been touched by the dead hand of marketing.<br />
Take, for a start, that "<a href="http://www.thx.com/">THX</a>" logo plastered all over the system.<br />
The Lucasfilm THX specification for movie and home theatre sound systems doesn't guarantee great sound - movie systems can be poorly maintained, home ones can be set up badly - but it <b>does</b> guarantee that the gear can manage a ton of bass, solid even sonic imaging, and very blooming high sound pressure levels, assuming the people in charge of the sound system have their act together.<br />
Go to see <a href="http://us.imdb.com/Title?0120737">The Fellowship Of The Ring</a> in a THX-certified cinema and, when the <a href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Balrog">Balrog</a> decides to shout at someone, you will be left in no doubt whatsoever that when <a href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Morgoth">Morgoth</a> corrupted <a href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Maiar">Maiar</a> into fire demons, he would appear to have spent some time with a great big bicycle pump, filling them full of very high pressure pure unadulterated Bass. With a capital B.<br />
The Z-560 system does not have that sort of performance, and it does not have that sort of THX certification.<br />
Instead, this system meets the "<a href="http://www.thx.com/press/multimedia.html">THX multimedia speaker specification</a>", which is mentioned a few times on the <a href="http://www.thx.com/">THX site</a>, but without a word anywhere on what it <b>means</b>, exactly. Well, not that I could find, anyway.<br />
The multimedia standard is obviously a great deal less stringent than the other flavours of THX. THX-certified home theatre speaker systems have, according to the <a href="http://www.thx.com/consumer_products/home_speaker.html">spec</a>, to be able to manage flat in-room response down to a dust-raising 20Hz. Sorry, but no easy-to-carry subwoofer comes within cooee of managing that.<br />
I would go so far as to say that it's my opinion, in the absence of any hard data from Lucasfilm saying the multimedia flavour of THX certification means anything in particular, that it's just a bunch of marketing wank.<br />
The THX logo isn't going to make a computer speaker system sound any <b>worse</b>, of course, but THX certification of other gear is quite expensive, and so I presume Logitech had to pay Lucasfilm a tidy sum to get these badges on the Z-560. I hope Z-560 buyers enjoy them, therefore, because they're certainly going to pay for them.<br />
The second piece of marketese in the Z-560 specifications has to do with the abovementioned power output issue. Logitech make a big deal about the Z-560 system having 400 Absolutely Genuine Federal Trade Commission Authorised Totally Real RMS American Watts Baby. 188 watts for the sub, 53 watts for each satellite.<br />
This is not true.<br />
Well, OK, it could be true. If it is, though, the speakers should all blow up.<br />
Point one - not enough amp power. No way is that a 400VA toroidal in the corner of the box. It'd have to be a bit beefier even than that, of course, because the amp isn't 100 per cent efficient. If it were, it wouldn't need a heat sink.<br />
Point two - insufficiently chunky drivers, with embarrassingly low power ratings printed on them.<br />
Such things as almost-200-watt eight inch drivers exist. If you want to cheat then you can make a zillion watt speaker by putting a crowbar across its input wires; now you can pump vast amounts of power through that speaker (if you define the crowbar as being part of the speaker...), and it won't make any more noise than it would from far less power without the crowbar. In other words, its efficiency is now astoundingly poor.<br />
That's not what Logitech are doing; it's not what <b>any</b> sane speaker builder does. The drivers in these speakers have perfectly OK efficiency for their size. If the eight inch bass driver had an ultra-humungous magnet around a similarly huge voice coil and a unit retail price up around $AU200, then it'd be plausible for it to have better than 150 watt power handling.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/lspkpeek440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>That's not the kind of driver that's in there, though. The back of the sub driver hides behind the huge bent port, but you can peer through the gap to see the mere hundred watt rating.<br />
Similarly, I suppose it's possible to make a three inch mid/treble driver, like the ones in the Z-560 satellites, which can handle 53 watts. I don't know whether any such product actually exists on the retail market, but I'd be happy to learn otherwise.<br />
<div class="center"><a href="http://www.dansdata.com/images/speakersets/lsatapart440.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div>Once again, though, that's not what Logitech have actually used. 15 watts, people. A <a href="http://www.tb-speaker.com/">Tangband Speakers</a> W3-665SC, to be exact. Which isn't listed on the Tangband site; I just linked to that site out of malice.<br />
Exceed the rated power handling by a significant margin for a significant period and you'll kill the driver. Unless the sticker ratings are very conservative, therefore, one 100 watt sub plus four 15 watt sats is 160 watts. QED.<br />
The driver-peering also revealed that none of the Z-560 speakers contain any resonance-reducing damping material at all.<br />
Fortunately, the system still sounds pretty darn good, marketing or no marketing. Especially if bass is one of your favourite things.<br />
Out came the Talking Heads track, and lo, the bass was there. In fact, it was pretty much all I could hear. With the bass knob set to the default middle position, the sub was driving over the satellites like a monster truck. All of that bass (plus the usual large dose of subwoofer-played midrange...) definitely sounded a very great deal better than any of the other three systems, but man cannot live by bass alone.<br />
With no damping at all and a port big enough that two fat hamsters could pass each other in it, you'd expect this sub to have a great big pile of warm happy resonance at some frequency or other, and so it does. The in-room resonance peak's sitting at 85Hz or so (in this room, at least...), and it's a <b>large</b> one. The sub's response doesn't fall off too horribly below resonance, so it can pump out Burning Down The House's bassline quite successfully, thank you. But its default level is too high.<br />
When listening to music through the Logitech system, I found myself turning the bass <b>all</b> the way down, at which point it was still a bit bottom-heavy, but tolerable. More than tolerable, if you <b>like</b> a lot of bass. If you don't, you can tweak the bass down even further at the signal source and get pretty flat response out of this system.<br />
Once you can hear them, the Z-560 satellites sound quite nice. They're not a transcendent sonic experience; maybe the funky phase plug driver does something good, but the lack of damping material in the speaker boxes may cancel it out. But they're able to cover a wider range and play louder than the other satellites in this comparison.<br />
This system should play loud enough to get the neighbours to call the cops, if you stick with it. If that's not your aim, then you can just enjoy the fact that these (relatively) large-drivered satellites have decent midrange performance, quite clear highs, and stay quite distortion-free even when you wind 'em up.<br />
The M3D effect, by the way, is quite pleasing; it's a mono surround system (the two surround speakers each receive the exact same signal) unlike Creative's stereo-surround CMSS modes, but the difference isn't a big one, and it's still better than simple front-to-rear duplication.<br />
On to the Toccata and Fugue. With the bass set low. Then with it set a bit higher. Then with it turned all the way up, just for the heck of it.<br />
How shall I put this?<br />
How about: "Whoa, Nellie!"<br />
Yeah, that just about covers it.<br />
The Z-560 didn't emit the most <b>accurate</b> rendition of the Bach piece I'd ever heard, but it was highly entertaining. And streets ahead of systems with smaller sub drivers. Real floor movement, buddy. This sub likes organ music. Perhaps it's because of that large pipe it contains.<br />
For light classical music, where there's not much bass to worry about in the first place, the little Logitech satellites do a pleasing job and the M3D button's effect is quite nice, too. The sub's playing too much midrange again, but that's just par for the course with computer speakers, and it's not as if this system's horrendously expensive.<br />
For boom-tisha techno, the overenthusiastic subwoofer's a bit of a problem. But not if you'd be cranking up the bass until your stereo sounded like that anyway.<br />
For games, the Z-560 is a great system. When someone lobs mortar rounds at you, it is entirely possible that things will fall off your shelves.<br />
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</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-65612955514567632092012-02-16T22:18:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:24:55.420-08:00VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">South West England Vintage Television Museum</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Inggris Barat Museum Televisi Vintage</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
VCR Tapes</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">VCR Tapes</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The picture below shows the Philips VCR cassette alongside other formats.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Gambar di bawah menunjukkan kaset VCR Philips bersama format lain.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The most striking difference between the VCR cassette and the other cassettes is that it appears at first glance only to have one spool.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Yang mencolok Perbedaan yang paling antara kaset VCR dan kaset lainnya adalah bahwa hal itu muncul pada pandangan pertama hanya memiliki satu spool.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">It has of course got two, but the supply spool is mounted below the take-up spool.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Hal ini tentu saja punya dua, tetapi pasokan spul dipasang di bawah spool-up ambil.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This type of cassette is known as a <i>co-axial</i> format cassette.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Jenis kaset dikenal sebagai <i>aksial</i> format <i>kaset-co.</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The other 3 cassettes all have their spools mounted in the traditional <i>co-planar</i> format.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Yang 3 lainnya kaset semua memiliki kelos mereka dipasang dalam format <i>co-planar</i> tradisional.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">That is to say that the spools are next door to one another.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Itu adalah untuk mengatakan bahwa kelos yang sebelah satu sama lain.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">There is another more subtle mechanical difference between the VCR cassette and the other formats.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ada lagi yang lebih halus mekanik perbedaan antara kaset VCR dan format lainnya.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This is the fact that there are two flaps on the VCR cassette instead of only one on the other formats.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ini adalah kenyataan bahwa ada dua flaps pada kaset VCR bukan hanya satu di format lain.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The main flap on the front opens to reveal a slant of tape - This is where the lacing mechanism picks up the tape.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Tutup utama di bagian depan terbuka untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pita - Ini adalah dimana mekanisme hantaman mengambil rekaman itu.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(More on that in a moment.) There is also a slide-door on the right hand side of the cassette.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(Lebih pada suatu saat.) Ada juga slide-pintu di sisi kanan kaset.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This opens to reveal an area of tape which is read by the audio / control head.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Hal ini akan membuka untuk mengungkapkan area pita yang dibaca oleh kepala / kontrol audio.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This is also the location that the pinch roller and capstan use to drive the tape.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ini juga merupakan lokasi yang roller mencubit dan menggunakan penggulung untuk mendorong kaset.</span></div><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/4cassettes.jpg" height="270" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="395" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The four tape formats shown are: 1-Umatic, 2-Video2000, 3-VHS, 4-VCR</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Format tape empat ditunjukkan adalah: 1-Umatic, 2-Video2000, 3-VHS, 4-VCR</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">At first glance, it would appear to be impossible for a tape with two spools mounted on top of one another to ever work.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Pada pandangan pertama, tampaknya tidak mungkin untuk sebuah tape dengan dua kelos dipasang di atas satu sama lain untuk pernah bekerja.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">How does the tape get from the bottom spool to the top?</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Bagaimana pita dapatkan dari spool bawah ke atas?</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">If we look at the next picture, it makes it slightly easier to understand, but one might still imagine that it would damage the tape if it were ever to try and move.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Jika kita melihat gambar berikutnya, itu membuat sedikit mudah untuk memahami, tapi masih mungkin membayangkan bahwa hal itu akan merusak rekaman itu jika ia pernah untuk mencoba dan bergerak.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Well, yes it would if you tried to turn one of the spools with the tape in this state.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Well, ya itu akan jika Anda mencoba untuk mengaktifkan salah satu kelos dengan pita di negara ini.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/tapeslant.jpg" height="246" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="544" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Looking at the front of a VCR cassette with the flap open.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Melihat di depan sebuah kaset VCR dengan flap terbuka.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The reason that the tape isn't damaged when in use, is in the fact that when the VCR is switched on, before any tape transport takes place (Play, FF, REW etc.), a length of tape is pulled out of the cassette and dragged round the video head drum very accurately by a set of posts and poles.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Alasan bahwa rekaman itu tidak rusak ketika digunakan, adalah kenyataan bahwa ketika VCR diaktifkan, sebelum setiap pengangkutan tape berlangsung (Play, FF, REW dll), panjang pita ditarik keluar dari kaset dan bulat menyeret kepala video drum sangat akurat oleh satu set posting dan kutub.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This length of tape that is now inside the machine, effectively reduces the angle of the tape from the bottom to the top of the cassette to a very small degree; in fact an angle entirely tolerable by the cassette and the tape.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ini panjang tape yang kini di dalam mesin, efektif mengurangi sudut pita dari bawah ke atas kaset ke tingkat yang sangat kecil, bahkan sudut sepenuhnya dapat ditoleransi oleh kaset dan pita.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">This also explains why the tape must be laced up inside the machine during FF and REW modes whereas with a co-planar cassette such as VHS, the tape can remain inside the cassette.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ini juga menjelaskan mengapa rekaman itu harus mengikat tali di dalam mesin selama dan REW mode FF sedangkan dengan co-planar seperti kaset VHS, rekaman itu bisa tetap berada di dalam kaset.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Inside the VCR cassette there are several rollers and guides.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Di dalam kaset VCR ada beberapa rol dan panduan.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Two of these are visible in the previous picture.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Dua di antaranya terlihat pada gambar sebelumnya.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">These rollers guide the tape as it leaves and enters the cassette.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Ini rol panduan rekaman saat meninggalkan dan memasuki kaset.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The next image shows how the tape is arranged inside a VCR cassette.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Gambar berikutnya menunjukkan bagaimana kaset diatur di dalam kaset VCR.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">During play and FF, the tape is taken from the supply spool (Bottom) and is wound on to the take-up spool (Top).</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Selama bermain dan FF, tape diambil dari spool suplai (Bawah) dan luka ke spool-up mengambil (Top).</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Notice the serrated edges of the spools.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Perhatikan tepi bergerigi dari kelos.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">These edges, along with a spring-loaded mechanism in the back left-hand corner of the cassette, stop the spools from turning when the cassette is not loaded into the VCR.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Tepi ini, bersama dengan-dimuat mekanisme pegas di sudut kiri belakang kaset, menghentikan gulungan benang dari balik ketika kaset tidak dimuat ke VCR.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/nudetape.jpg" height="229" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="292" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; 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<b>Inside the VCR cassette.</b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Di dalam kaset VCR.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Most of the usual manufacturers made tapes for the VCR, these included Philips, Grundig, Agfa, BASF and Scotch (3M).</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Sebagian besar produsen kaset biasa dibuat untuk VCR, ini termasuk Philips, Grundig, Agfa, BASF dan Scotch (3M).</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">There was even a VCR cleaning cassette manufactured by Philips which made so much noise as it went through, it sounded like it was sanding metal.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Bahkan ada pembersihan VCR kaset yang diproduksi oleh Philips yang membuat banyak bising sehingga ia pergi melalui, itu terdengar seperti itu pengamplasan logam.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The cleaning cassette wasn't very kind to the VCR, and if your machine had tired belts or motors, then often the head drum would stop spinning altogether or the capstan couldn't pull it through and the machine would go into an emergency stop routine.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Kaset pembersih tidak terlalu baik pada VCR, dan jika mesin Anda memiliki sabuk lelah atau motor, kemudian sering kepala drum akan berhenti berputar sama sekali atau penggulung tidak bisa menariknya melalui dan mesin akan masuk ke dalam keadaan darurat berhenti rutin .</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/philipscassette.jpg" height="291" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="349" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
<b>Philips VCR Cassette</b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Philips VCR Kaset</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/agfacassette.jpg" height="295" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="380" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
<b>Agfa VCR Cassette</b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Agfa VCR Kaset</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.oldtechnology.net/images/cleaningcassette.jpg" height="280" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="301" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
<b>The Philips VCR Cleaning Cassette.</b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Philips VCR Membersihkan Kaset.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://www.oldtechnology.net/vcr.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcassette%2Bvcr%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DNLI%26sa%3DG%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official%26channel%3Ds%26prmd%3Divns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiXVPRozFnRuX-Q7Mj25ztL4g1Maw"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Back to the VCR Page</span></b></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://www.oldtechnology.net/vcr.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcassette%2Bvcr%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DNLI%26sa%3DG%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official%26channel%3Ds%26prmd%3Divns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiXVPRozFnRuX-Q7Mj25ztL4g1Maw"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Kembali ke Halaman VCR</span></b></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_n.png" border="0" height="8" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_n.png" border="0" height="8" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_w.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="8" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_e.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="8" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_s.png" border="0" height="8" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_s.png" border="0" height="8" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iws_c.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="640" /></span><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_n.png" border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_n.png" border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_w.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="6" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_e.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="6" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_s0.png" border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_s0.png" border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="640" /><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/infowindow/iw_c.png" border="0" height="640" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="640" /></span><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/logo_smallest.png" border="0" height="17" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="48" /></span><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Teks asli Inggris</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt;"><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;">Your VCR is but a useless box of bits-and-pieces without a tape.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.google.com/images/zippy_plus_sm.gif" border="0" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="12" /></span><u><span style="color: #0000cc; display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Sarankan terjemahan yang lebih baik</span></u><span style="display: none; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;">nggris Barat Museum Televisi Vintage</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;"><br />
<span class="longtext">VCR Tapes</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Anda VCR hanyalah sebuah kotak tidak berguna bit-dan-potongan tanpa tape. Hal ini pada media yang perekam video mahal Anda bergantung untuk merekam gambar dan playback dan suara. Tapi apa yang ada di dalam rekaman VCR Anda dan bagaimana cara kerjanya? Magnetis berbicara, semua format kaset video rumah sangat mirip. Hal ini dalam mekanika mereka bahwa mereka berbeda jauh. Tidak ada lebih daripada kaset VCR Philips.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Gambar di bawah menunjukkan kaset VCR Philips bersama format lain. Perbedaan paling mencolok antara kaset VCR dan kaset lainnya adalah bahwa hal itu muncul pada pandangan pertama hanya memiliki satu spool. Hal ini tentu saja punya dua, tetapi pasokan spul dipasang di bawah spool-up ambil. Jenis kaset dikenal sebagai format kaset co-axial. Yang 3 lainnya kaset semua memiliki kelos mereka dipasang dalam format co-planar tradisional. Itu adalah untuk mengatakan bahwa kelos yang sebelah satu sama lain.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Ada lagi perbedaan mekanik lebih halus antara kaset VCR dan format lainnya. Ini adalah kenyataan bahwa ada dua flaps pada kaset VCR bukan hanya satu di format lain. Tutup utama di bagian depan terbuka untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pita - Ini adalah dimana mekanisme hantaman mengambil rekaman itu. (Lebih pada suatu saat.) Ada juga slide-pintu di sisi kanan kaset. Hal ini akan membuka untuk mengungkapkan area pita yang dibaca oleh kepala / kontrol audio. Ini juga merupakan lokasi yang roller mencubit dan menggunakan penggulung untuk mendorong kaset.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Format tape empat ditunjukkan adalah: 1-Umatic, 2-Video2000, 3-VHS, 4-VCR</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Pada pandangan pertama, tampaknya tidak mungkin untuk sebuah tape dengan dua kelos dipasang di atas satu sama lain untuk pernah bekerja. Bagaimana pita dapatkan dari spool bawah ke atas? Jika kita melihat gambar berikutnya, itu membuat sedikit mudah untuk memahami, tapi masih mungkin membayangkan bahwa hal itu akan merusak rekaman itu jika ia pernah untuk mencoba dan bergerak. Well, ya itu akan jika Anda mencoba untuk mengaktifkan salah satu kelos dengan pita di negara ini.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Melihat di depan sebuah kaset VCR dengan flap terbuka.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Alasan bahwa rekaman itu tidak rusak ketika digunakan, adalah kenyataan bahwa ketika VCR diaktifkan, sebelum setiap pengangkutan tape berlangsung (Play, FF, REW dll), panjang pita ditarik keluar dari kaset dan bulat menyeret kepala video drum sangat akurat oleh satu set posting dan kutub. Ini panjang tape yang kini di dalam mesin, efektif mengurangi sudut pita dari bawah ke atas kaset ke tingkat yang sangat kecil, bahkan sudut sepenuhnya dapat ditoleransi oleh kaset dan pita. Ini juga menjelaskan mengapa rekaman itu harus mengikat tali di dalam mesin selama mode FF dan REW sedangkan dengan kaset co-planar seperti VHS, pita bisa tetap berada di dalam kaset.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Di dalam kaset VCR ada beberapa rol dan panduan. Dua di antaranya terlihat pada gambar sebelumnya. Ini rol panduan rekaman saat meninggalkan dan memasuki kaset.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Gambar berikutnya menunjukkan bagaimana kaset diatur di dalam kaset VCR. Selama bermain dan FF, tape diambil dari spool suplai (Bawah) dan luka ke spool-up mengambil (Top). Perhatikan tepi bergerigi dari kelos. Tepi ini, bersama dengan mekanisme spring-loaded di sudut kiri belakang kaset, menghentikan gulungan benang dari balik ketika kaset tidak dimuat ke VCR.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Di dalam kaset VCR.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Sebagian besar produsen kaset biasa dibuat untuk VCR, ini termasuk Philips, Grundig, Agfa, BASF dan Scotch (3M). Bahkan ada pembersihan VCR kaset yang diproduksi oleh Philips yang membuat kebisingan begitu banyak seperti itu pergi melalui, itu terdengar seperti itu pengamplasan logam. Kaset pembersih tidak terlalu baik pada VCR, dan jika mesin Anda memiliki sabuk lelah atau motor, kemudian sering kepala drum akan berhenti berputar sama sekali atau penggulung tidak bisa menariknya melalui dan mesin akan masuk ke dalam keadaan darurat berhenti rutin .</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Philips VCR Kaset</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Agfa VCR Kaset</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Philips VCR Membersihkan Kaset.</span><br />
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<span class="longtext">Kembali ke Halaman VCR</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><a href="http://riuzaky13.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">Audio Video-2 SMKN 5</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Minggu, 28 November 2010</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1483614646968938207&postID=6561295551456763209" name="8991767097366236751"></a><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">jenis-jenis cassete tape recorder/video casesete dan kegunaannya. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">VCR<br />
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Perekam Kaset Video atau VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) adalah peralatan elektronik yang bisa dipakai untuk merekam suara/ audio dan gambar/ video dalam suatu kaset pita magnetik yang bisa dimasukkan dan dikeluarkan dengan mudah seperti halnya pita kaset suara biasa (Audio Cassette Recorder atau Cassette Recorder). Kebanyakan jenis VCR dilengkapi dengan rangkaian penala TV (TV-tuner) atau penerima yang dapat menerima siaran TV secara langsung. Untuk jenis yang lebih baik, VCR ini mempunyai rangkaian timer dan jam digital yang bisa dipakai untuk merekam siaran TV secara otomatis pada jam-jam yang diinginkan. Secara umum, perekam kaset video (VCR) ini menggunakan pita kaset (tape)dengan 3 macam format: pita format VHS, pita format Betamax, dan pita format V2000. Di antara ketiga macam format ini, sekarang jenis format yang paling populer dipakai adalah pita kaset dengan format VHS.<br />
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Format VHS dari RCA dan JVC<br />
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Pita kaset VCR dengan format Betamax<br />
Format VHS dalam dunia VCR dipromosikan pertama kali di Amerika Serikat pada bulan September 1976 oleh perusahaan elektronik RCA. Jenis pertama dari format ini mampu merekam video untuk waktu 2 jam. Jenis tape VHS yang baru yaitu tipe T-180 dengan kecepatan rekam yang lebih lambat (kualitas gambar sedikit kurang bagus) mampu merekam video selama 9 jam secara terus menerus. Selain perusahaan RCA, perusahaan elektronik JVC (Japanese Victor Company) di Jepang juga memasarkan produk VCRnya dengan menggunakan format VHS.<br />
Format Betamax dari Sony<br />
Jenis format video Betamax atau sekedar disebut format Beta diperkenalkan oleh perusahaan Sony Jepang pada bulan November tahun 1975 (lebih dulu muncul dari pada format VHS). Perusahaan Sony menyatakan bahwa kualitas format Betamax ini lebih bagus jika dibandingkan dengan rekaman VHS, dan mempromosikan bersama-sama dengan peralatan rekaman Betacam.<br />
Format V2000 dari Phillips<br />
Selain dua format VHS dan format Betamax, perusahaan Phillips (dari Belanda) pada tahun 1978 memperkenalkan format lain yang disebut format V2000 atau Video-2000 yang produknya hanya dipasarkan di Eropa saja. Bersama-sama dengan perusahaan elektronik Grundig dan perusahaan LOEWE, Phillips memproduksi kaset format V2000 ini, dan mampu merekam video selama 4 jam. Namun karena persaingan yang tinggi, jenis format V2000 ini sekarang tidak populer lagi.<br />
Perkembangan VCR<br />
Charles Ginsburg pada tahun 1951 menciptakan sebuah videotape recorder, yang mampu menangkap gambar-gambar bergerak dari sinyal dengan mengubah rangsangan elektrik dan menyimpan informasi pada sebuah kaset magnetik. Pada 1956 VTR (video tape recorder) mulai dipasarkan. Kemudian Video Cassette Recorder dibuat pertama kali oleh Charles Ginsburg dan Ray Dolby pada 1956, dan mulai dipasarkan pada tahun 1971.<br />
Di Indonesia Video Cassette Recorder sempat menjadi populer pada sekitar tahun 1980-an, sebagai sebuah alternatif hiburan bagi masyarakat. Namun sekarang VCR ini sudah jarang dipakai, karena banyak alternatif perangkat lain yang lebih mudah dipakai. Masyarakat sudah jarang menggunakan VCR, namun alat ini tetap dipakai dalam rangka perekaman film dalam produksi program-program televisi.<br />
Bagian Pendukung Kerja VCR<br />
Ada beberapa bagian penting yang harus dimiliki dalam pemenuhan standar kerja VCR, yaitu:<br />
Kaset (Tape)<br />
Saat kita membuka satu per satu bagiannnya, akan kita temukan Pertama, bagian atas dan bawah pada lapis terluar, yang biasanya terbuat dari plastik. Kemudian sebuah pintu “bergerak” yang melindungi kaset, agar kaset dapat dibuka dan ditutup dengan mudah. Didalamnya, terdapat dua buah spul untuk memegangi pita kaset. Kemudian akan kita temukan pita kaset berukuran 244 m, 0,5 inci, terbuat dari oxide coated Mylar sebagai media perekam materi, dan beberapa rol pemutar yang memutar pita sampai bagian depan kaset. Dan dua buah media sebagai pengunci yang menahan pita agar tidak memutar kembali. Juga berbagai jenis sekrup yang memperkuat bagian-bagian tersebut, pada saat kaset dimasukkan ke dalam VCR, maka ada sebuah “lever”yaitu sebuah optik untuk mengoperasikan alat atau mesin, pada posisi tertentu. Kerjanya diperkuat dengan tersedianya sebuah “pin” sebuah tembaga berukuran kecil dengan bentuk lingkaran, digunakan untuk mempererat ketersambungan beberapa alat. Pada point tersebut, sistem dalam VCR akan “mengurai” memori pada pita kaset, kemudian memainkannya.<br />
VCR<br />
Video Cassette Recorder dibuat pertama kali oleh Charles Ginsburg dan Ray Dolby pada 1956. alat ini populer digunakan dalam rangka pengembangan sistem penyiaran televisi, karena apa yang ditayangkan pada pertama kali sekarang akan dapat diputar kembali pada waktu yang lain.<br />
VCR sendiri memiliki dua tugas utama, yaitu mengadakan kontak dengan pita kaset, sebuah alat yang sangat tipis, sangat lemah dan mudah sekali rusak, dengan ukuran panjang yang tidak terukur dalam sebuah plastik, dan membaca sinyal dari pita kaset dan “memaknainya” dengan sinyal yang bisa dimengerti oleh televisi. Tugas kedua diatas merupakan sebuah kemajuan teknologi yang tinggi dalam waktu singkat.<br />
Pada perekaman suara, informasi suara disimpan secara linear pada kaset. Kemudian kaset bergerak melewati “kepala perekam” dan informasi suara tersebut diletakkan sebagai sebuah garis panjang yang mengikuti pergerakan pita kaset. Kaset ini dapat bergerak melewati kepala perekam tersebut dengan ukuran 2 sampai 3 inci (5 sampai 8 cm) per detik.<br />
Sinyal video terdiri sekitar 500 kali lebih banyak informasi dibandingkan dengan sinyal bunyi, dikarenakan beberapa pendekatan pekerjaan tidak dapat dikerjakan oleh beberapa hal. Namun kaset harus tetap bergerak melewati kepala perekam tersebut beberapa kaki per detik. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, dua kepala perekam terorganisi bersama pada sebuah drum putar yang digerakkan kearah yang lebih tinggi dari posisi kaset.<br />
Kerjasama VCR dengan Televisi<br />
Gambar dalam televisi dibagi dalam beberapa series dalam 525 garis scan horizontal, setengahnya ditayangkan setiap 60 detik. Masing-masing melewati kepala perekam dari VCR yang membaca atau menulis data dalam satu lembaran (262,6 garis scan) dari gambar televisi. Sehingga data perekaman videotape adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
Dalam hal ini, akan ada beberapa bagian yang direpresentasikan oleh beberapa warna. Bagian cahaya biru merupakan lembaran yang disediakan bagi perekaman yang dilakukan oleh kepala perekam dalam drum berputar. Drum berputar terdiri dari dua kutub pada posisi yang berlawanan (180 derajat jarak). Dua kutub ini memberikan alternatif bagi masing-masing bagian untuk membaca dan menulis data pada pita kaset.Dan bagian yang berwana kuning me-representasikan sebuah audio control track.<br />
Alat pengontrol ini penting karena, pertama ia berfungsi sebagai pengontrol kerja VCR dalam melakukan perekaman, pada mode SP, LP ataupun EP, juga mengatur seberapa cepat VCR akan menarik kaset melewati drum pemutar, dan mempertahankan posisi pita pada saat pita tersebut dimainkan.<br />
Saat kita bermain dengan pemutaran track rekaman pengontrol pada VCR, kita hanya perlu memindahkan posisi “skew” antara pengontrol track dengan posisi kepala perekam.<br />
Kerjasama VCR dengan Kaset<br />
Hubungan antara kaset dengan pemutar didalam VCR adalah sebagai berikut, Pertama kepala berputar pada 1800 rotasi per menit, atau 30 pergantian per detik.Pada mode SP, kaset akan melewati kepala pemutar pada garis 1,31 inci per menit (33,35 mmps), pada mode LP pada 0.66 inci per detik (16,7 mmps, dan pada mode EP pada 0,44 inci per detik (11,12 mmps. Karena rotasi inilah kepala tersebut berputar pada 228,5 inci(5804 mm) per detik, atau dengan kata lain berputar pada 25 mil per jam. Artinya apabila video menyimpan informasi secara linear,maka anda akan memerlukan 50 mil (80 km) untuk sebuah kaset dapat menyimpan film dengan durasi 2 jam.<br />
Sebuah bagian yang dikatehui sebagai helical scanning akan membantu pemutaran kaset. Masalahnya adalah bagaimana cara membuat desain sebuah bentuk VCR yang bisa membungkus kaset video dalam putaran kepala perekam dengan tujuan perekaman ataupun pemutaran memori kaset. Selain itu mesin juga harus dapat mempertahankan pergerakan kaset pada posisi tertentu yang seimbang dengan kecepatan putaran yang pas dan mampu diidentifikasi dan berhenti dengan tepat. Untuk melakukan tugas ini, VCR harus mengikuti langkah sebagi berikut:<br />
Mekanisme driver dalam VCR harus dapat mengurai dengan baik pita panjang dari kaset dan membungkusnya dalam sebuah rol dengan kombinasi drum dan kepala perekam untuk dapat memainkannya. Ini merupakan pekerjaan paling berat yang harus dikerjakan oleh VCR.<br />
Isi Kerangka dalam VCR<br />
• Terdapat di dalam RCA VCR<br />
• Terdapat drum pemutar<br />
• Ketika VCR mulai membaca kaset, dua pemutar yang akan menarik kaset keluar dari VCR.Mereka akan bergerak pada rel dan membungkus perekam disekitar drum<br />
• Ketika kaset untuk pertama kalinya didudukan pada VCR, dua pemutar ini akan langsung masuk pada kaset, di belakang perekam, kaset akan melakukan penyesuaian posisi dengan perekam pada saat ini<br />
• Ketika pemutar bekerja dengan baik pada track,kaset akan berputar dengan baik disekitar drum<br />
• Sebuah kunci pemutar akan menahan gerakan berputar dari kepala perekam<br />
VCR “berbicara”: Sebuah sistem Pengontrolan VCR<br />
Beberapa pengaturan yang diberlakukan antara lain:<br />
Tracking Control, kasetnya terdiri dari sebuah pengaturan track linear yang membantu VCR sebagai penyeimbang putaran rotasi dengan pita perekam pada kaset<br />
Flying Erase Head, VCR memiliki dua tipe flying erase head, alat ini sebenarnya di-organisir dalam drum pemutar. Mampu menghapus memori dalam pita dengan mempersilahkan pembersihan diantara segment tersebut<br />
SP, LP, dan EP settings, ini merupakan tiga macam kecepatan yang di set dalam sebuah VCR yang akan melakukan pengaturan kecepatan pada kaset yang berhubungan dengan drum pemutar. SP mode, dimana kaset bergerak melampaui kepala perekam dalam 1,31 inci (33,35 mm) per detik. Dalam LP mode, sejauh 0,66 inci (16,7 mm) per detik, EP mode sejauh 0,44 inci (11,12 mm) per detik. Selama kecepatan kaset bertambah, pita dalam kaset akan bergerak semakin dekat satu sama lain, mengurangi kemampuan pencitraaan tapi menambah jumlah materi yang cocok untuk kaset<br />
Four-head vs Two-head, sebuah VCR membutuhkan hanya dua kepala untuk menyimpan atau memainkan kaset pada mode SP. Sebuah masalah timbul, pada saat LP dan EP mode, karena kaset akan bergerak jauh lebih lambat. Untuk itu kebanyakan VCR memiliki dua kepala pemutar untuk SP mode dan dua kepala yang lebih kecil digunakan untuk pemutaran kecepatan lebih lambat. Gabungan empat kepala ini akan menyajikan sebuah sistem kerja yang lebih baik pada pemutaran dalam kecepatan yang lebih rendah<br />
End-of-tape sensing, saat VCR sudah tidak beroperasi, akan tampak sebuah cahaya melalui kaset dan mengidentifikasikan bahwa tugas telah selesai<br />
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CARA KERJA VIDEO CASEETE<br />
Suara yang ditangkap oleh alat pemroses suara memiliki tipe data digital yangmana datanya dinyatakan dalam bilangan biner, yaitu 0 dan 1. Serangkaian 0 dan 1 ini merepresentasikan suatu nilai sendiri yangmana dengan decoder tertentu akan menghasilkan nilai yang diinginkan (data yang diperoleh tidak rusak/sesuai).<br />
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Pada kepingan CD, data 0 diperoleh dari ‘lubang’ yang dibuat oleh CD writer, sedangkan data 1 tidak memiliki ‘lubang’. Jadi, deretan data seperti 1011, dalam bentuk fisik akan menjadi: rata-lubang-rata-rata. Lubang ini dimensinya sangat kecil sekali.<br />
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Konstruksi CD dengan lubang ini bukanlah apa yang terjadi pada jaman sekarang. Namun, dasarnya sama. Sekarang, lobang atau ratanya diganti dengan transparan atau buramnya salah satu lapisan pada CD yang namanya Photosensitive Dye. Nah, lapisan ini yang menentukan pola deretan data 1 dan 0.<br />
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Mengapa disebut CD burner? Karena itulah yang dikerjakannya, mem’bakar’ lapisan Photosensitive Dye ini sehingga menjadi lebih buram alias tidak transparan. Apa yang terjadi apabila dia transparan? Bila transparan, maka dengan CD reader, akan terbaca sebagai 1, sedangkan bila buram akan terbaca 0.<br />
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Kok jadi transparan dan buram sih istilahnya? Memang demikian, karena cara kerja CD reader adalah dengan melihat apakah cahaya laser yang ditembakkannya ke keping CD dipantulkan kembali ke sensor (pada CD reader) atau tidak. Apabila dipantulkan (berarti lapisan Photosensitive Dye-nya transparan alias tidak terbakar) berarti data ini adalah 1, apabila tidak ada pantulannya atau lemah pantulannya maka data ini adalah 0.<br />
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rekaman video adalah merekam gambar dan suara pada pita magnetik sebagai lawan untuk film film atau media akses acak digital. Kaset video juga digunakan untuk menyimpan data ilmiah atau medis, seperti data yang dihasilkan oleh elektrokardiogram. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, sebuah heliks scan berputar video kepala terhadap pita bergerak untuk merekam data dalam dua dimensi, karena sinyal video memiliki bandwidth yang sangat tinggi, dan kepala statis akan membutuhkan kecepatan tape sangat tinggi. Kaset video digunakan dalam kedua video tape recorder (VTR) atau, lebih umum dan lebih baru-baru ini, perekam kaset video (VCR) dan kamera video. Tape adalah metode linear menyimpan informasi dan, karena hampir semua rekaman video yang dibuat saat ini adalah digital, diharapkan secara bertahap kalah pentingnya sebagai metode non-linear/random-access untuk menyimpan data video digital menjadi lebih umum.<br />
Isi<br />
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Divisi elektronik dari perusahaan produksi penghibur Bing Crosby, Bing Crosby Usaha (SM), memberikan demonstrasi pertama di dunia rekaman video di Los Angeles pada tanggal 11 November 1951. Dikembangkan oleh John T. Mullin dan Wayne R. Johnson sejak tahun 1950, perangkat akan memberi apa yang digambarkan sebagai "kabur dan tidak jelas" gambar, menggunakan Ampex dimodifikasi 200 tape recorder dan standar seperempat inci (0,6 cm) rekaman audio bergerak pada 360 inci (9,1 m) per detik [1] [2] tahun kemudian, sebuah versi perbaikan, menggunakan pita magnetik satu inci (2,6 cm),. ditunjukkan kepada pers, yang dilaporkan menyatakan kagum pada kualitas gambar, meskipun mereka memiliki "kualitas kasar gigih yang tampak seperti sebuah film usang". Secara keseluruhan, kualitas gambar masih dianggap lebih rendah dengan rekaman kinescope terbaik di film [3] Bing Crosby Enterprises diharapkan. Untuk memiliki versi komersil yang tersedia pada tahun 1954, tetapi tidak ada akhirnya bersatu [4] SM menunjukkan. Sebuah model warna pada bulan Februari 1955, menggunakan rekaman memanjang pada setengah inci (1,3 cm) tape, pada dasarnya mirip dengan apa RCA telah menunjukkan pada tahun 1953 (lihat di bawah). CBS, RCA pesaing, adalah sekitar untuk memesan mesin SM ketika Ampex memperkenalkan sistem Quadruplex unggul (lihat di bawah). [5]<br />
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RCA menunjukkan rekaman magnetik kedua program hitam-putih dan warna di laboratorium perusahaan Princeton pada 1 Desember 1953 [6] [7] Sistem tape tinggi kecepatan longitudinal, yang disebut Simplex, dalam pembangunan sejak 1951,. Bisa merekam dan memutar kembali hanya beberapa menit dari sebuah program. Sistem warna yang digunakan setengah inci (1,3 cm) tape untuk merekam lima lagu - masing-masing untuk merah, biru, sinkronisasi hijau,, dan audio. Sistem hitam-putih menggunakan pita seperempat inci (0,6 cm) dengan dua lagu, satu untuk gambar dan satu untuk suara. Kedua sistem berlari di 360 inci (9,1 m) per detik. [8] RCA milik NBC pertama menggunakannya di The Jonathan Winters Show pada tanggal 23 Oktober, 1956 ketika urutan lagu pra-direkam oleh Dorothy Collins dalam warna yang termasuk dalam dinyatakan hidup program. [9] [10] BBC bereksperimen 1952-1958 dengan sistem video berkecepatan tinggi linear disebut BUAYA, tapi ini akhirnya tidak layak. Ini digunakan tape setengah inci (1,27 cm) bepergian di 200 inci (5,08 m) per detik.<br />
[video Broadcast<br />
[ Quad<br />
Sebuah reel dari rekaman video quad 2-inci dibandingkan dengan hari-modern MiniDV kaset video<br />
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Mesin-mesin rekaman video pertama praktis profesional yang mampu menggantikan kinescopes adalah mesin Quadruplex diperkenalkan oleh Ampex pada 14 April 1956 di National Association of konvensi Penyiaran di Chicago. Quad bekerja melintang sebuah (pemindaian rekaman itu di seluruh lebar) empat-kepala sistem pada pita (5,08 cm) dua inci, dan kepala linier untuk jalur suara. CBS pertama kali menggunakan Ampex VRX-1000 [11] Mark IV di perusahaan Kota studio televisi di Hollywood pada 30 November 1956 untuk memainkan siaran tertunda Douglas Edwards dan Kabar dari New York ke Pacific Time Zone. [11] [12 ] Pada tanggal 22 Januari 1957, NBC menampilkan permainan Truth or Consequences, diproduksi di Hollywood, menjadi program pertama yang akan disiarkan di semua zona waktu dari sebuah video rekaman [13] Ampex memperkenalkan perekam kaset video warna tahun 1958 di. sebuah cross- perjanjian lisensi dengan RCA, yang insinyur telah berkembang dari perekam Ampex hitam-putih [14] NBC 1958 khusus, An Evening Dengan Fred Astaire, adalah jaringan video warna tertua..<br />
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Meskipun Quad menjadi standar industri untuk lebih dari 20 tahun, itu kelemahan seperti ketidakmampuan untuk membekukan gambar, dan tidak ada pencarian gambar, juga, dalam mesin awal, tape andal bisa dimainkan kembali hanya menggunakan set yang sama dari tape buatan tangan kepala, yang memakai dengan sangat cepat. Kemudian mesin telah hidup yang lebih panjang dan garis keterlambatan digunakan untuk mengkompensasi perbedaan di empat kepala. Meskipun masalah ini, Quad dapat menghasilkan gambar yang sangat baik. sistem video berikutnya telah menggunakan heliks scan, di mana video kepala diagonal trek rekor (bidang lengkap) ke kaset.<br />
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Sangat kaset video awal beberapa masih ada [15] Sementara. Jauh lebih murah dan lebih mudah daripada kinescope, biaya tinggi 3M 179 Scotch kaset video [11] dan lainnya awal ($ 300 per reel satu-jam) [16] berarti bahwa lembaga penyiaran paling terhapus dan digunakan kembali mereka, dan (di Amerika Serikat) rekaman video dianggap hanya sebagai alat hemat biaya lebih baik dan lebih banyak waktu-menunda siaran dari kinescopes. Itu adalah zona waktu empat benua Amerika yang telah membuat sistem yang sangat diinginkan di tempat pertama.Tipe C dan Tipe B<br />
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Format berikutnya untuk mendapatkan penggunaan luas adalah 1 "(2,54 cm) Jenis format C dari tahun 1976 dan seterusnya ini memperkenalkan fitur seperti pulang-pergi dan masih framing,. Tapi reproduksi suara dan gambar yang dicapai pada format adalah kualitas hanya sedikit lebih rendah dari Quad (meskipun 1 "Tipe kualitas C masih cukup tinggi). Namun, tidak seperti Quad, 1 "Tipe C pemeliharaan mesin yang dibutuhkan jauh lebih sedikit, mengambil sedikit ruang, dan konsumsi daya listrik lebih sedikit.<br />
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Di Eropa sebuah format kaset serupa juga dikembangkan, yang disebut Tipe B mesin B. Jenis (juga dikenal sebagai BCN) menggunakan 1 sama "tape sebagai Tipe C tetapi mereka tidak memiliki pesawat C dan pilihan gerak lambat Kualitas gambar itu. Sedikit lebih baik, meskipun Tipe B. norma siaran di benua Eropa untuk sebagian besar tahun 1980-an.<br />
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7 Desember 1963 - Instant Replay digunakan untuk pertama kalinya selama transmisi langsung dari TNI Angkatan Laut Game oleh penemunya, direktur, Tony Verna.<br />
[format Kaset<br />
Sebuah tape U-matic<br />
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Pada tahun 1969, Sony memperkenalkan prototipe untuk kaset video pertama luas, sistem 3 / 4 "(1,905 cm) U-matic komposit, yang Sony diperkenalkan secara komersial pada September 1971 setelah bekerja standar industri dengan produsen lain Sony kemudian. Disempurnakan untuk Broadcast Video U-matic atau BVU. Sony terus memegang pada pasar profesional dengan yang pernah-berkembang 1 / 2 "(1,27 cm) komponen video keluarga Betacam (diperkenalkan pada tahun 1982), yang pada varian digital, masih di antara pemimpin pasar profesional. Panasonic memiliki beberapa keberhasilan yang terbatas dengan sistem MII, tetapi tidak pernah bisa dibandingkan dengan Betacam dalam hal pangsa pasar.<br />
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Langkah berikutnya adalah revolusi digital. Di antara format video digital pertama Sony D-1, yang menampilkan rekaman komponen digital terkompresi. Karena D-1 sangat mahal, komposit D-2 dan D-3 (oleh Sony dan Panasonic, masing-masing) diperkenalkan segera setelah. Ampex memperkenalkan rekaman komponen dikompresi pertama dengan seri DCT pada tahun 1992. Panasonic palsu D-1 dengan format D-5, yang telah dikompresi juga, tetapi jauh lebih terjangkau.<br />
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Standar DV, yang memulai debutnya pada tahun 1996, telah menjadi banyak digunakan baik dalam bentuk asli dan dalam bentuk yang lebih kuat seperti Sony DVCAM dan DVCPRO Panasonic sebagai akuisisi dan format editing. Namun, karena kekhawatiran oleh industri hiburan tentang kekurangan format tentang perlindungan salinan, hanya lebih kecil MiniDV kaset digunakan dengan camcorder menjadi biasa, dengan kaset DV berukuran penuh dibatasi sepenuhnya untuk aplikasi profesional.<br />
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Untuk camcorder, Sony mengadaptasi sistem Betacam dengan perusahaan format Betacam Digital, kemudian setelah itu dengan Betacam SX murah dan format MPEG IMX, dan sistem berbasis DV-semi DVCAM. Panasonic DVCPRO digunakan perusahaan varian DV untuk semua kamera profesional, dengan format DVCPRO50 tinggi akhir-menjadi keturunan langsung. JVC mengembangkan format D9/Digital-S bersaing, yang kompres data video dalam cara yang mirip dengan DVCPRO, melainkan menggunakan media kaset yang mirip dengan S-VHS.<br />
[ Definisi Tinggi<br />
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Pengenalan produksi HDTV mengharuskan media untuk menyimpan informasi tinggi resolusi video. Pada tahun 1997, Sony menabrak yang seri Betacam sampai dengan HD dengan standar HDCAM dan tinggi akhir-sepupunya yang HDCAM SR. format Panasonic bersaing untuk kamera ini didasarkan pada DVCPRO dan memanggil DVCPRO HD. Untuk penggunaan VTR dan arsip, Panasonic memperluas D-5 spesifikasi untuk menyimpan dikompresi HD sungai dan menyebutnya D-5 HD.<br />
[Edit] Home video<br />
[Sunting] VCR<br />
Pemandangan bawah kaset video VHS dengan pita magnetik terkena<br />
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Perekam kaset video konsumen pertama diluncurkan pada tahun 1971 (berbasis di sekitar teknologi U-matic). Philips memasuki pasar domestik tahun berikutnya dengan N1500 [17]. Sony Betamax (1975) dan VHS JVC (1976) menciptakan pasar massal untuk VCR dan dua sistem yang bersaing memerangi "perang format kaset video", yang akhirnya dimenangkan VHS. Pada VCR pertama sangat mahal, tetapi oleh akhir 1980-an harga turun cukup untuk membuat mereka terjangkau untuk audiens arus utama. Kaset video akhirnya memungkinkan bagi konsumen untuk membeli atau menyewa lengkap dan menonton film di rumah setiap kali mereka inginkan, bukan hanya penangkapan itu di film bioskop atau harus menunggu sampai itu siaran. Hal ini juga memungkinkan bagi pemilik VCR untuk merekam film dan program televisi lainnya "dari udara". Hal ini menyebabkan perubahan besar dalam praktek melihat, sebagai salah satu tidak lagi harus menunggu untuk mengulang program yang telah terjawab. Pergeseran ke rumah melihat juga mengubah pendapatan industri film sungai, karena menyewa rumah menciptakan sebuah "jendela" tambahan di mana sebuah film bisa menghasilkan uang. Dalam beberapa kasus, film yang tidak hanya sederhana dalam rilis teater mereka melanjutkan untuk memiliki kinerja yang kuat di pasar sewa (misalnya, film kultus).<br />
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VHS telah menjadi format VCR konsumen terkemuka setelah "perang", meskipun tindak perusahaan-up S-VHS, W-VHS dan D-VHS tidak pernah terperangkap dalam popularitas. Pada akhir 1990-an di pasar video rekaman, VHS mulai mengungsi oleh DVD. Format DVD memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan dengan VHS tape. Sebuah disk DVD jauh lebih mampu untuk mengambil tampilan dengan diulang dari VHS tape, yang dapat retak atau pecah, yang membuat DVD format yang lebih baik dari perspektif toko sewa's. Selain, sedangkan VHS tape dapat dihapus jika terkena medan magnet (seperti dengan menjadi kiri dekat pembicara), DVD tidak terpengaruh oleh medan magnet. Meskipun DVD tidak memiliki masalah kaset, seperti kerusakan dari pita atau mekanisme kaset, DVD masih bisa rusak oleh goresan. Faktor lain untuk toko film sewa adalah bahwa DVD lebih kecil dan mengambil sedikit ruang untuk menyimpan. DVD menawarkan sejumlah keuntungan bagi penonton: DVD dapat mendukung 4x3 standar dan rasio aspek layar lebar layar 16x9 dan DVD dapat memberikan dua kali resolusi video dari VHS. Selain itu, penampil yang ingin langsung beralih ke akhir film dapat melakukannya lebih cepat dengan sebuah DVD dibandingkan dengan VHS tape (yang harus memutar ulang). DVD dapat memiliki menu interaktif, lagu berbagai bahasa, komentar audio, subtitel dan subtitling (dengan pilihan untuk memutar sub judul on atau off, atau memilih sub judul dalam beberapa bahasa). Selain itu, sebuah DVD dapat diputar pada komputer.<br />
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Karena keunggulan ini, oleh-pertengahan tahun 2000-an, DVD adalah bentuk dominan dari film video rekaman baik di film sewa dan pasar film baru. Pada akhir 1990-an dan awal 2000-an, meskipun, konsumen terus menggunakan VCR untuk merekam lebih dari acara TV-the-air, karena konsumen tidak bisa membuat rumah rekaman ke DVD disk. Penghalang ini terakhir dominasi DVD patah di akhir tahun 2000-an, dengan munculnya perekam DVD murah dan perekam video digital (DVR). perangkat DVR, yang merekam acara ke hard disk, dapat dibeli dari toko elektronik atau disewa dari penyedia layanan TV kabel atau satelit. Meskipun dominasi mainstream DVD, VHS terus memiliki peran. Konversi ke DVD telah menyebabkan pasar dibanjiri dengan film-film VHS digunakan, yang tersedia di pegadaian dan toko kedua tangan, biasanya dengan harga lebih murah daripada film setara pada DVD yang digunakan. Selain itu, karena banyaknya pemain VHS di sekolah-sekolah dan perpustakaan, kaset VHS masih diproduksi untuk pasar pendidikan.<br />
[Camcorder<br />
Kaset DV<br />
Kiri ke kanan:-L DVCAM, DVCPRO-M, DVC / MiniDV<br />
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Awal digunakan konsumen VHS camcorder ukuran penuh atau kaset Betamax. Kemudian model beralih ke format kompak lebih, dirancang secara eksplisit untuk penggunaan camcorder, seperti VHS-C dan Video8. VHS-C adalah versi dirampingkan dari VHS, dengan menggunakan metode perekaman yang sama dan pita yang sama, tetapi dalam sebuah kaset yang lebih kecil. Hal ini memungkinkan untuk memutar kaset VHS-C tape recorder VHS biasa dengan menggunakan adaptor. Setelah Super VHS telah muncul, sesuai versi kompak, Super VHS-C, dirilis juga. Video8 adalah keturunan langsung dari Betamax, menggunakan tape sempit dan kaset yang lebih kecil. Karena loading pita rumit berbentuk U dan pita sempit, tidak mungkin untuk mengembangkan adaptor dari Video8 ke Betamax. Video8 kemudian diganti dengan Hi8, yang menyediakan resolusi yang lebih baik dan rekaman suara berkualitas tinggi, dan mirip dengan Super VHS-C.<br />
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Para konsumen digital format video rekaman pertama, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1995, menggunakan lebih kecil Digital Video Cassette (DVC). [18] Format kemudian berganti nama menjadi MiniDV untuk mencerminkan skema pengkodean DV, tapi kaset masih membawa "DVC" tanda. Beberapa format kemudian seperti DVC Pro dari Panasonic mencerminkan nama asli. The DVC / format MiniDV yang disediakan dekat-broadcast video berkualitas dan canggih kemampuan pengeditan nonlinier pada peralatan konsumen. Pada tahun 1999 Sony backported skema perekaman DV untuk 8-mm sistem, menciptakan Digital8. Dengan menggunakan kaset yang sama dengan Hi8, Digital8 camcorder banyak yang dapat memainkan rekaman Video8/Hi8 analog, menjaga kompatibilitas dengan kaset analog yang sudah direkam. Pada tahun 2008, Digital8 camcorder telah dihapus dari peralatan yang ditawarkan oleh Sony.<br />
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Sony memperkenalkan format lain yang disebut kaset camcorder MicroMV, tetapi minat konsumen yang rendah karena sifat alami dari dukungan format dan terbatas untuk apa pun kecuali low-end Windows editor video, dan Sony dikirim unit MicroMV terakhir pada tahun 2005. Pada akhir tahun 2000-an, MiniDV dan sepupu yang high-definition, HDV, adalah dua format konsumen yang paling populer tape berbasis. Format menggunakan metode encoding yang berbeda, tetapi tipe kaset yang sama. Sejak tahun 2001, ketika MicroMV yang disajikan, tidak ada faktor bentuk tape baru telah diperkenalkan.<br />
[Sunting] Masa Depan tape<br />
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Tren terbaru dalam camcorder konsumen menunjukkan beralih dari tape berbasis solusi tapeless, seperti built-in hard disk drive, cakram optik dan memori solid-state. Secara khusus, Canon belum memperkenalkan camcorder HDV konsumen benar-benar baru untuk tahun ketiga berturut-turut, membatasi diri untuk modifikasi kecil dengan model 2007. Sony dan Panasonic telah menghapus konsumen mereka camcorder tape berbasis dari pasar Amerika Utara sepenuhnya. Dalam pengaturan perekaman video profesional, seperti siaran televisi, rekaman video masih banyak digunakan di pertengahan sampai akhir 2000, tetapi format tapeless seperti DVCPRO P2, XDCAM dan AVCHD, yang mendapatkan penerimaan yang lebih luas.<br />
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Kesimpulan<br />
Sebuah sejarah dalam revolusi perekaman, VCR pernah menjadi sebuah fenomena dalam sejarah perkembangan teknologi. Sekarang perkembangan teknologi tinggi telah mempermudah dan mendukung manusia dalam menjalankan kesehariannnya. Video Cassette Recorder populer digunakan dalam industri televisi, khususnya dalam rangka pembuatan program-program televisi, dalam perkembangannya VCR ini juga digunakan dalam perekaman kegiatan-kegiaatan (event) tertentu misalnya dalam rangka pengamanan, penyelenggaraan kesepakatan, kegiatan-kegiatan politik, dsb. Namun sekarang VCR ini tidak lazim digunakan di kalangan masyarakat umum, dikarenakan memerlukan alat yang cukup rumit dan harganya lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan teknologi pemutaran video terbaru yaitu VCD atapun DVD. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Diposkan oleh r3zky di </span><a href="http://riuzaky13.blogspot.com/2010/11/jenis-jenis-cassete-tape-recordervideo.html" title="permanent link"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">02.33</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751" title=""Edit Entri" "><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="18" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751&target=email" target="_blank" title="Kirimkan Ini lewat Email"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">Kirimkan Ini lewat Email</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751&target=blog" target="_blank" title="BlogThis!"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">BlogThis!</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751&target=twitter" target="_blank" title="Berbagi ke Twitter"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">Berbagi ke Twitter</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751&target=facebook" target="_blank" title="Berbagi ke Facebook"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">Berbagi ke Facebook</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=6583120998226833287&postID=8991767097366236751&target=buzz" target="_blank" title="Berbagi ke Google Buzz"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;">Berbagi ke Google Buzz</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Panjang pita kaset pada umumnya <b>2400 feet, lebarnya 0.5 inch dan tebalnya 2 mm</b>. Data disimpan dalam bintik kecil yang bermagnit dan tidak tampak pada bahan plastik yang dilapisi <b>ferroksida</b>. Flexible plastiknya disebut<b> mylar</b>. Mekanisme aksesnya adalah <b>tape drive</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jumlah data yang ditampung tergantung pada model tape yang digunakan. Untuk tape yang panjangnya 2400 feet, dapat menampung <b>kira-kira 23.000.000 karakter</b>. Penyimpanan data pada tape adalah dengan cara <b>sequentia.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Bagian-bagian dari Cassette</b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyRbgXFhI/AAAAAAAAAEI/gqZOr-BwUBc/s1600/800px-Inside_memorex_cassette.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyRbgXFhI/AAAAAAAAAEI/gqZOr-BwUBc/s400/800px-Inside_memorex_cassette.jpg" border="0" height="276" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="402" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1. Guide Roller / Roller pembantu jalannya pemutaran pita kaset</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2. Magnetic Shield / baja magnetis sebagai pelindung pembacaan data pada head tape player maupun recorder.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3. Capstan Hole / lubang Capstan digunakan untuk menjepit cassette (kaset) ketika digunakan agar tidak goyah (bergerak)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">4. Write Protect Tab / tab pelindung penulisan (dari perekaman lain atau penghapusan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">B.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Jenis-jenis Cassette (Kaset) dan Fungsinya</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Secara Garis Besar, Cassette Tape (Pita Kaset) dibagi menjadi 3 bagian :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Kaset Komputer (Binary Cassette)</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Berfungsi untuk menyimpan data komputer dengan sistem binary digit. Alat Pemutar dan Penyimpan data berupa perangkat <b>komputer.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Macam-macam Tape (pita) Komputer :</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">a. <b>Catridge Tape atau disebut streaming tape.</b> Dirancang untuk menyimpan hasil backup suatu file di disk. Banyak digunakan untuk komputer mini. Alat untuk membaca dan merekam data di cartridge tape adalah cartridge tape unit, yang biasanya terdapat hard disk dan disk drive di dalamnya.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsv0uTE9qI/AAAAAAAAADQ/N9MObQnDyMw/s1600/Catridge+tape.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsv0uTE9qI/AAAAAAAAADQ/N9MObQnDyMw/s1600/Catridge+tape.jpg" border="0" height="282" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="270" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar Catridge Tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">b. <b>Cassette Tape.</b> Banyak digunakan di komputer mikro, untuk merekam lagu. Teknik untuk mewakili bilangan binari di cassette tape adalah FSK (Frequency Shift Keying).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsvx6gNycI/AAAAAAAAADM/HX40wZLLBVU/s1600/Cassette+tape.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsvx6gNycI/AAAAAAAAADM/HX40wZLLBVU/s1600/Cassette+tape.jpg" border="0" height="234" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="258" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar Cassette Tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">c. <b>Mini-Kaset</b>, sering minicassette tertulis, adalah sebuah format kaset diperkenalkan oleh Philips pada tahun 1962.Hal ini digunakan terutama di dikte mesin dan juga digunakan sebagai penyimpanan data untuk P2000 Philips komputer rumah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sebuah versi lebih kecil dari Mini-Kaset itu kemudian diperkenalkan yang dapat digunakan dalam pemutar standar menggunakan adaptor, namun ini tidak menjadi meluas. Sebuah kaset format yang sama (tapi tidak kompatibel) sangat ini diproduksi oleh Hewlett Packard dan Verbatim (yang HP82176A Mini Data Kaset) untuk penyimpanan data pada tape drive HP82161A mereka, sama seperti mini-Kaset, tidak menggunakan sebuah penggulung.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx7OgIkjI/AAAAAAAAADs/HNEr97hxm6w/s1600/Kaset+mini.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx7OgIkjI/AAAAAAAAADs/HNEr97hxm6w/s1600/Kaset+mini.jpg" border="0" height="72" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="222" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar Kaset mini disebelah kanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Kaset Audio (Audio Cassette)</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Berfungsi untuk Menyimpan lagu/musik dengan format Binary Digit menggunakan sistem <i>Frequency Shift Keying</i>. Alat Pemutar dan Perekam lagu/data informasi berupa <b>Tape Recorder.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Macam-macam Kaset Audio :</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">a. <b>Cassette Tape. </b>Selain digunakan dari Komputer, Casstte tape juga dapat diputar dan direkam melalui tape recorder. Memiliki ukuran panjang 4 inch dengan lebar 2.5 inch.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx4moWzTI/AAAAAAAAADo/BuWTBiW1bAU/s1600/kaset.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx4moWzTI/AAAAAAAAADo/BuWTBiW1bAU/s1600/kaset.jpg" border="0" height="156" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="252" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar Cassette Tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">b. <b>RCA Victor pita cartridge </b>adalah format pita magnetik yang dirancang untuk menawarkan stereo seperempat inci -to-reel tape reel dalam format yang lebih nyaman untuk kebutuhan rumahan.Itu diperkenalkan pada tahun 1958, setelah empat tahun pembangunan, pada saat yang sama dengan stereoponis piringan hitam .</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyOPtjtEI/AAAAAAAAAEE/ttDxyhqpPps/s1600/350px-RCAQuarterInchTapeCartridge-2.png"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyOPtjtEI/AAAAAAAAAEE/ttDxyhqpPps/s1600/350px-RCAQuarterInchTapeCartridge-2.png" border="0" height="156" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="348" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar RCA tapa catridge (kanan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">c. <b>Elcaset</b> adalah singkat audio format yang dibuat oleh Sony pada tahun 1976, membangun ide diperkenalkan 20 tahun sebelumnya di cartridge tape RCA . Kaset itu sendiri tampak sangat mirip dengan kaset standar, hanya lebih besar-sekitar dua kali ukuran.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx2bdpSoI/AAAAAAAAADk/Wgnv33rw_TI/s1600/Elcasstte+kiri.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx2bdpSoI/AAAAAAAAADk/Wgnv33rw_TI/s320/Elcasstte+kiri.jpg" border="0" height="174" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="318" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar Elcassette (kiri)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">d. <b>Kaset tunggal (</b>CS, juga dikenal dengan merek dagang “Cassingle” atau dikapitalisasi sebagai merek dagang “Kaset Single”) adalah sebuah musik tunggal dalam bentuk Kaset Compact .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Kaset Audio Video (Audio Video Cassette)</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Berfungsi untuk Menyimpan video/gambar bergerak dengan format DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) yang dikembangkan dari format Audio Binary Digit. Alat Pemutar dan Perekam Video/gambar bergerak berupa<b> Video Cassette Recorder.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Macam-macam Kaset Video :</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">a. <b>Kaset mini</b>, juga dikenal sebagai <i>MiniDV</i> atau ukuran kaset <i>S,</i> telah dirancang untuk digunakan amatir, tetapi telah menjadi diterima di produksi profesional juga. MiniDV kaset digunakan untuk merekam awal DV, DVCAM serta HDV .</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyFM6ma7I/AAAAAAAAAD8/um2mj-Fr3PY/s1600/MINI+DV.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyFM6ma7I/AAAAAAAAAD8/um2mj-Fr3PY/s1600/MINI+DV.jpg" border="0" height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="252" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">b. <b><i>ukuran</i> kaset <i>M</i> </b>digunakan dalam peralatan Panasonic profesional dan sering disebut <i>kaset DVCPRO.</i> perekam video kaset Panasonic yang menerima media dapat memainkan kembali dari dan merekam ke kaset menengah di berbagai rasa format DVCPRO, mereka juga akan memainkan kaset kecil berisi DV atau perekaman DVCAM, melalui adaptor.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsxzxdEg8I/AAAAAAAAADc/uTb4aDN092Q/s1600/DVC+Pro.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsxzxdEg8I/AAAAAAAAADc/uTb4aDN092Q/s1600/DVC+Pro.jpg" border="0" height="78" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="222" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">c. <b><i>Ukuran </i>kaset-L</b> diterima oleh sebagian besar DV tape recorder standalone dan digunakan dalam banyak bahu-mount camcorder. cassette ukuran L bisa digunakan pada kedua Sony dan peralatan Panasonic, bagaimanapun, mereka sering disebut <i>kaset DVCAM.</i>Sony deck lama tidak akan bisa memutar kaset besar dengan rekaman DVCPRO, tetapi model baru bisa.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx1OVEeHI/AAAAAAAAADg/adxARiJOL8I/s1600/DVCAM.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsx1OVEeHI/AAAAAAAAADg/adxARiJOL8I/s1600/DVCAM.jpg" border="0" height="72" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="222" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Gambar untuk Mini Divi (depan), DVPRO (Tengah), dan DVCAM (Belakang)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyBUbHXAI/AAAAAAAAADw/PBnB0FBs1ps/s1600/Kaset+mini%252CS%252C+M%252C+L.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_T6W89rszVRg/TOsyBUbHXAI/AAAAAAAAADw/PBnB0FBs1ps/s1600/Kaset+mini%252CS%252C+M%252C+L.jpg" border="0" height="180" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="252" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">C.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Keuntungan Menggunakan Pita Magnetik</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">· Panjang record tidak terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">· Density data tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">· Volume penyimpanan datanya besar dan harganya murah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">· Kecepatan transfer data tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">· Sangat efisien bila kebanyakan / semua record dari sebuah file tape memerlukan pemrosesan seluruhnya (bersifat serial / sequential)</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 240px;"><tbody>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Materi%20Pokok/index"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Materi Pokok</span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> » </span><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Materi%20Pokok/index&jenjang=4"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan</span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> » </span><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Materi%20Pokok/index_sub&jenjang=4&kls=6"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Kelas VI</span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> » </span><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Materi%20Pokok/index_sub&jenjang=4&kls=6&matpel=18"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Elektronika</span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: 4.15pt 4.15pt 4.15pt 4.15pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Jenis-jenis Peralatan Audio</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: .75pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/images/blank.gif" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="1" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 4.15pt 4.15pt 4.15pt 4.15pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/a.jpg" border="0" height="278" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pesawat cassette recorder</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
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Pesawat cassette recorder difungsikan untuk mereproduksi ulang informasi suara yang ada didalam pita kaset menjadi suara. Selain itu juga berfungsi untuk merekam informasi suara ke dalam pita Pesawat Cassette Recorder sering terlihat sudah terintegrasi dengan peralata Audio lain, seperti tape compo, tape deck, dan walkman. Dalam pengoperasiannya terdapat bagian sumber seperti microphone, peralatan musik , atau radio AM atau FM. Salah satu fungsi dari pesawat casette recorder adalah perekaman, dimana difungsikan untuk menyimpan sinyal audio dalam kaset, sehingga suatu saat bila diperlukan, sinyal audio tersebut dapat dimainkan kembali sehinggan terdengar pada loud speaker.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/b.JPG" border="0" height="278" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pesawat VCD/MP3</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
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Untuk menampilkan gambar & suara berbasis digital yang berasal dari keping Disk digunakan suatu alat yang namanya “ Pesawat Video Compack Disk “ atau sering disingkat VCD, MP3 atau juga disingkat dengan Compack Disc (CD) player. CD Player merupakan peralatan audio yang berfungsi untuk memainkan CD, dimana CD merupakan media penyimpanan yang memiliki banyak kelebihan, diantaranya kapasitas penyimpanan besar, kualitas penyimpanan sangat baik , daya tahan, dan perawatan yang mudah. Bagian-bagian Player hampir sama dengan tape menggunaka media kaset, sedangkan pada CD Player diganti dengan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/c.JPG" border="0" height="156" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Piringan Hitam</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
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Penghasil informasi suara yang berasal dari piringan magnetik dimana informasi suara tersimpan dala piringan magnet. Berupa jalur-jalur ( track )yang tersusun rapih sesuai banyaknya informasi suara yang tersimpan<br />
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<img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/d_2.jpg" border="0" height="202" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.jpg" width="183" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Radio Komunikasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
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Perangkat elektronika ini berfungsi untuk berkomunikasi antara penerima dan pemancar melalui media frekuensi.<br />
Contoh dari pesawat radio komunikasi adalah pemancar SW, AM, FM, Handy talky Handphone dll.<br />
Radio komunikasi merupakan peralatan yang digunakan untuk mengirim dan menerima informasi, sehingga pada pesawat radio komunikasi terdapat dua bagian, yaitu bagian penerima dan pengirim. Pesawat Radio Komunikasi yang paling sederhana dikenal dengan Walky Talky.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/e.jpg" border="0" height="201" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pesawat Pre-Amp & Tone Control</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
<br />
Perangkat elektronika ini berfungsi sebagai penguat awal yang berasala dari Mikrophone ataupun Head Magnetik kemudian dari hasil penguatan awal tersebut selanjutnya diatur frekuensinya, baik frekuensi rendah ( Bass ), Menengah (Midle ), ataupun frekuensi Tinggi ( Trible ). Didalam pesawat Tone Control terdapat pengatur-pengatur audio, seperti : Volume, Bass, Midle, Trible, Loudness, Filter, dan lain-lain. Dimana pengatur-pengatur mempunyai fungsi yang berbeda-beda, untuk mengoperasikan pengatur-pengatur tersebut tergantung keinginan user masing-masing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/f.JPG" border="0" height="183" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.jpg" width="278" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pesawat Video Casette Recorder ( VCR )</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <br />
<br />
Pesawat VCR banyak digunakan sebelum munculnya pesawat VCD, dimana VCR difungsikan untuk menghasilkan kembali ( reproduksi ulang ) informasi gambar & suara yang tersimpan dalam pita kaset untuk selanjutnya ditapilkan melalui monitor atau TV. Selain itu juga dapat berfungsi untuk merekam gambar & suara yang disimpan didalam kaset.<br />
VCR memiliki tuner sendiri sehingga biasanya dipakai untuk merekam acara/program yang ditampilkan penting dan disukai maka bila ingin, acara atau program tersebut dapat direkam VCR.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="http://www.e-dukasi.net/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_65/Image/g.JPG" border="0" height="264" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-52973361098698145972012-02-16T22:16:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:16:02.229-08:00VCD<!--[if !mso]> <style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">VCD (juga disebut video CD, compact disc video atau "disk") adalah </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507072,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiALzh7f_H1AikBqCFC3hNZtnKBFg"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">compact disk</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> format berdasarkan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci503656,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhsvRVP38QHAVi7IEGBt5kLhfUyxg"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">XA CD-ROM</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> yang dirancang khusus untuk menahan <span class="google-src-text">MPEG-1</span> MPEG-1 <span class="google-src-text">video data and to include interactive capabilities.</span> video data dan untuk memasukkan kemampuan interaktif. <span class="google-src-text">VCD has a resolution similar to that of VHS, which is far short of the resolution of </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci213923,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg50m-fYBWLaDXTBjN3ApKEwtdkvw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">DVD</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> VCD memiliki resolusi mirip dengan VHS, yang jauh dari resolusi </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci213923,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg50m-fYBWLaDXTBjN3ApKEwtdkvw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">DVD</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> . <span class="google-src-text">Each VCD disk holds 72-74 minutes of video and has a data transfer rate of 1.44 </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212534,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhifh22s3P7uRC-vT1UnwJP4DnqRvQ"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mbps</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Setiap disk VCD memegang 72-74 menit video dan memiliki kecepatan transfer data 1,44 </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212534,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhifh22s3P7uRC-vT1UnwJP4DnqRvQ"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mbps</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> . <span class="google-src-text">VCDs can be played on a VCD player connected to a television set (in the same way that video cassettes can on a VCR) or computer, on a </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci503661,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDBe4drmDF6E0-n4vFUNFmKyHK-g"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-i</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> player, on some </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211759,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg38DaJ5qyJFF8CKK5Nyww7Y-jWAw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-ROM</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> drives, and some DVD players.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> VCD dapat diputar pada pemutar VCD terhubung ke televisi (dalam cara yang sama seperti kaset video dapat di VCR) atau komputer, pada </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci503661,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDBe4drmDF6E0-n4vFUNFmKyHK-g"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-i</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> player, pada beberapa </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211759,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg38DaJ5qyJFF8CKK5Nyww7Y-jWAw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-ROM</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> drive, dan beberapa pemutar DVD. </span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">VCD was introduced in 1993 by JVC, Philips, SONY and Matsushita and is described in detail in the </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507069,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhuspmPNSf6j5Nb0nyWRWIvC51ZJA"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">White Book</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> specifications.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> VCD diperkenalkan pada tahun 1993 oleh JVC, Philips, SONY dan Matsushita dan dijelaskan secara rinci dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507069,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhuspmPNSf6j5Nb0nyWRWIvC51ZJA"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Buku Putih</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> spesifikasi. <span class="google-src-text">Video data is demanding in terms of storage capacity; it requires approximately 5 </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212542,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhMOBDazTAcFXrIMWCon4ahM6n6_w"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">MB</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> of storage per second of video, which would translate to about two minutes of video on a 680 MB CD.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Data Video menuntut dalam hal kapasitas penyimpanan, tetapi membutuhkan sekitar 5 </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212542,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhMOBDazTAcFXrIMWCon4ahM6n6_w"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">MB</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> per detik penyimpanan video, yang akan menerjemahkan sekitar dua menit video pada 680 MB CD. <span class="google-src-text">In order to store video information on a CD in a practical fashion, the data must be compressed for storage and then decompressed for replay in real time.</span> Dalam rangka untuk menyimpan informasi video pada CD dengan cara praktis, data harus dikompresi untuk penyimpanan dan kemudian didekompresi untuk memutar ulang secara real time. <span class="google-src-text">MPEG-1 compresses data at ratios of up to 200:1.</span> MPEG-1 kompres data pada rasio hingga 200:1. <span class="google-src-text">MPEG is an international standard, and can be used by any manufacturer to create hardware for use with MPEG video.</span> MPEG adalah standar internasional, dan dapat digunakan oleh setiap produsen untuk menciptakan perangkat keras untuk digunakan dengan video MPEG. <span class="google-src-text">MPEG video can also be recorded on any CD.</span> MPEG video juga dapat direkam pada CD apapun. <span class="google-src-text">VCD formatting removes unnecessary information from MPEG-1 data, and adds specialized video authoring capabilities through inclusion of a </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci503661,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDBe4drmDF6E0-n4vFUNFmKyHK-g"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-i</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> (CD- Interactive) runtime application.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> format VCD menghapus informasi yang tidak perlu dari MPEG-1 data, dan menambahkan video khusus authoring kemampuan melalui dimasukkannya </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci503661,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDBe4drmDF6E0-n4vFUNFmKyHK-g"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-i</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> -Interaktif) runtime aplikasi CD (. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">VCD variations include: VCD 2.0, which was introduced in 1995 and adds hi-resolution stills, fast-forward, and rewind functions to the original specifications; VCD-ROM, which was introduced in 1997 and enables the creation of hybrid VCD/CD-ROM disc; VCD-Internet, which was introduced in 1997 and is a standardized means of linking video and Internet data; and SuperVCD, which uses either high bit rate MPEG-1 or variable bit rate MPEG-2 for the use of </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507073,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcAAPWrWmiyhgSX1UDU6kw50NS7A"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-R</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> drives instead of DVD drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> variasi VCD meliputi: VCD 2.0, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1995 dan menambahkan stills hi-resolusi, cepat-maju, dan fungsi mundur dengan spesifikasi asli, VCD-ROM, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1997 dan memungkinkan penciptaan VCD/CD- hibrida ROM disc, VCD-Internet, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1997 dan merupakan suatu cara standar dan Internet menghubungkan data video, dan SuperVCD, baik yang menggunakan bit rate yang tinggi MPEG-1 atau variabel bit rate MPEG-2 untuk penggunaan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507073,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcAAPWrWmiyhgSX1UDU6kw50NS7A"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-R</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> bukannya drive DVD drive. <span class="google-src-text">VCD is more common in Asia than it is in North America, where the VCR had already cornered the home video market by the time that VCD was introduced.</span> VCD lebih umum di Asia daripada di Amerika Utara, di mana VCR sudah terpojok pasar home video pada saat yang VCD diperkenalkan. <span class="google-src-text">Because of the ease with which VCDs can be pirated, they are creating the same kind of problem for the movie industry that </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212600,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh1ATqMgpmyCP7HmCM4E41KdxR-RA"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">MP3</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> caused for the music industry.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Karena kemudahan yang bisa VCD bajakan, mereka menciptakan jenis yang sama masalah bagi industri film yang </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212600,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh1ATqMgpmyCP7HmCM4E41KdxR-RA"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">MP3</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> disebabkan karena industri musik. <span class="google-src-text">Thieves may record movies from a movie screen with a camcorder, or may copy them from</span> Pencuri dapat merekam film dari layar film dengan camcorder, atau dapat menyalinnya dari <span class="google-src-text">laser discs</span> laser disk <span class="google-src-text">or DVDs.</span> atau DVD. <span class="google-src-text">With the advent of recordable CDs (such as the </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507073,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcAAPWrWmiyhgSX1UDU6kw50NS7A"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-R</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> and </span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507077,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhMDHr4bAAUl-b5pgQk_dfgWQXBAw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-RW</span></a><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> ), it became possible for the home user to create VCDs on some CD recorders.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Dengan munculnya CD recordable (seperti </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507073,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcAAPWrWmiyhgSX1UDU6kw50NS7A"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-R</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> dan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci507077,00.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhMDHr4bAAUl-b5pgQk_dfgWQXBAw"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">CD-RW</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> ), menjadi mungkin bagi pengguna rumah untuk membuat VCD pada beberapa perekam CD. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 87.05pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Compact Disc player</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Redirected from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cd_player&redirect=no" title="Cd player"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cd player</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jump to: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#mw-head"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">navigation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#p-search"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">search</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This article is about the electronic device. For the Microsoft Windows Software, see </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Player_%28Windows%29" title="CD Player (Windows)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD Player (Windows)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DVD</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SACD</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> player</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <b>Compact Disc player</b> (often written as <b>compact disc player</b>), or <b>CD player</b>, is an electronic device that plays audio </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compact Discs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. CD players are often installed into home </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stereo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> systems, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_audio" title="Car audio"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">car audio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> systems, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">personal computers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. They are also manufactured as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">portable devices</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Modern units support other formats in addition to CDs, such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DVDs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD-ROMs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> with audio files and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">video CDs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ" title="DJ"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DJs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> often use players with an adjustable playback sampling rate to alter the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29" title="Pitch (music)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pitch</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the music programme. Many modern CD players also play </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_CD" title="MP3 CD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MP3 CDs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. CD playback functionality is available on all modern CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive equipped computers as well as on </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DVD players</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and CD-ROM/DVD-ROM based </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_console" title="Game console"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">game consoles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Physical description</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A portable cd player</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many CD players are contained in a plastic and steel </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing" title="Casing"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">casing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which also houses the electrical system and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">user interface</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.The housing of a portable CD player also contains </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_%28connector%29" title="Jack (connector)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ports</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> used to connect the player to a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_speakers" title="Powered speakers"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">powered</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_speakers_%28audio%29" title="Passive speakers (audio)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unpowered speaker</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">headphones</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and/or a power system (see </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring_%28United_States%29" title="Electrical wiring (United States)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">electrical wiring in the United States</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring_%28UK%29" title="Electrical wiring (UK)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in the UK</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). A portable CD player generally contains an internal power source in the form of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29" title="Battery (electricity)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">batteries</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.The housing of a stand-alone CD player contains speakers and perhaps a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">radio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and/or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_deck" title="Tape deck"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tape deck</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. CD players used in component audio systems contain a power source, the user interface, and numerous ports to connect the player to the various parts of an audio system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tray design evolution</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tray loading</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A 1980s-era </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon" title="Denon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> CD player</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sony</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> released the world's first CD Player called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CDP-101</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in 1982 utilising a slide-out tray design for the CD. As it was easy to use and manufacture, most CD player tray designs had followed this style of tray ever since. However there have been some notable exceptions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vertical loading</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the launch of the first prototype CD player 'Goronta'</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sony</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at the Japanese Audio Fair in 1982, Sony showcased the vertical loading design of the CD player. Although the prototype's design was never really put into actual production, it was for a time adopted for production by a number of early Japanese CD player manufacturers including </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alpine/Luxman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Corporation" title="Panasonic Corporation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matsushita</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> under the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics" title="Technics"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technics</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> brand, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood" title="Kenwood"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenwood</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Toshiba/Aurex</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. For the early vertical loading players, Alpine sourced their AD-7100 player designs for Luxman,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-2"><span style="color: windowtext;">[3]</span></a></sup> Kenwood and Toshiba (using their Aurex brand). Kenwood added their 'Sigma Drive' outputs to this design as a modification. A picture of this early design can be seen on the Panasonic website.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-3"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></sup></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Top loading</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philips_CD_100.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philips_CD_100.jpg/200px-Philips_CD_100.jpg" border="0" height="107" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philips CD100 Player</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1983, at the US and European launch of the CD format, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips" title="Philips"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philips</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> with their CD100 CD player (sold as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnavox</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the US), showcased the first top loading CD tray designs.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-4"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-5"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The design had a clamp on the lid which meant the user had to close this over the CD when it was placed inside the machine. This was one of the primary reasons manufacturer </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Audio,_Ltd." title="Meridian Audio, Ltd."><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meridian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> created their MCD CD player,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-6"><span style="color: windowtext;">[7]</span></a></sup> whose chassis design was derived from the Philips CD100.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apart from being adopted on various stereo equipment designs such as mini components, over the years only a handful of hi-fi quality top loading tray CD players had been made. The most notable were </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luxman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s D-500 and D-500X series<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-7"><span style="color: windowtext;">[8]</span></a></sup> players, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon" title="Denon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s DP-S1,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> both launched in 1993.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tray loading with sliding mechanism</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Audio,_Ltd." title="Meridian Audio, Ltd."><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meridians</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 200 and 203 players were the first players to adopt tray loading with sliding play mechanism. Basically as the tray came out to collect the CD, the entire player's transport system also came out as one unit. The players were also the first to utilise the CD transport design whereby the audio electronics were separate from the CD drive mechanism itself to reduce </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jitter</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">distortion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tray loading with dampers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few companies produced CD players with dampened trays. The dampers were rubber grommets built into the tray to reduce distortion. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha" title="Yamaha"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yamaha</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s CDX-1000 CD player was a good example of this design.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slot loading</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slot loading is the preferred loading mechanism for car audio head units, the Apple </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MacBook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PlayStation 3</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, amongst other audio players. There is no tray that pops out, and a motor is used to assist disc insertion and removal. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mini-CDs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and non-circular CDs may have troubles with insertion and/or ejection.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pickup mechanisms</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg/200px-Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg" border="0" height="143" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Underside view showing a radial type tracking mechanism with screw drive</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two types of optical tracking mechanisms exist:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the swing-arm mechanism, originally designed by Philips</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - the lens moves at the end of an arm, very much like the old turntables.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the radial mechanism, designed by Sony to avoid using Philips patent, which is the one used in most CD players nowadays (because it is cheaper) - the lens moves on a radial rail. It is also known as 3-beam linear tracking.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cdchip.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cdchip.jpg/220px-Cdchip.jpg" border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The optical chip extracted from a CD player. The three dark rectangles are photosensitive, and read the data from the disk. Electronic tracking keeps the laser beam centered on the middle area.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cd-player-explained.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cd-player-explained.jpg/220px-Cd-player-explained.jpg" border="0" height="154" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teac" title="Teac"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teac</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> CD player with enclosure removed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg/220px-Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg" border="0" height="197" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips" title="Philips"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philips</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Portable CD player disassembled</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The swing-arm mechanism has a distinctive advantage over the other in that it doesn't "skip" when the rail becomes dirty. The swing arm mechanisms tend to have a much longer life than their radial counterparts. The radial mechanism works best for CD-ROMs, though, as the speed of the disc increases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Function</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A CD player has three major components: a <b>drive motor</b>, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29" title="Lens (optics)"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lens</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> system</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and a <b>tracking mechanism</b>. The drive motor rotates the disc between 200 and 500 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">revolutions per minute</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The tracking mechanism moves the lens system along the spiral tracks in which information is encoded, and the lens reads the information using a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam" title="Laser beam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">laser beam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, typically produced by a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">laser diode</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The laser reads information by focusing a beam on the CD, which is reflected back to a sensor. The sensor detects changes in the beam, and interprets these changes to read the data. This data is output as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sound</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> using a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digital-to-analog converter</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (DAC).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">subcode</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in an audio CD contains information on the total number of audio tracks, the running time on the CD, the running time of each track, and other information.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">User interface</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The interface of a CD player does not vary widely from manufacturer to manufacturer. It is usually composed of a few </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_%28control%29" title="Button (control)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">buttons</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">display device</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Common buttons include play, pause, stop, advance/fast forward, back/rewind and, in the case of a multiple-CD player, disk selection. The display may provide information such as track number, track time, disk number in the case of multiple-CD changers and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD-Text</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD changer</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <b>CD changer</b> holds multiple </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compact Discs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, usually in a cartridge, and allows the user to access (or play) any of them, one at a time. CD changers were commonly found in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">home cinema</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> systems, in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cars</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and, less frequently, in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">computer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> equipment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prior art</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prior to real CD changers being introduced, an attempt was made to imitate the double-</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_audio_cassette" title="Compact audio cassette"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cassette</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> players found in many audio systems. As a result, devices with two separate, fully functional CD players were made. Very few CD changers were produced, however, mainly because, unlike their double-cassette deck counterparts, double-CD decks did not have disk-to-disk copy functionality, since recordable CDs were not commercially available. Therefore, the shift to CD changers was swift, removing the need for double CD players.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Main types of CD changers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">External cartridge</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cd_changer_external_cartridge.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cd_changer_external_cartridge.jpg/220px-Cd_changer_external_cartridge.jpg" border="0" height="131" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="162" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">External cartridge for six CDs installed in the boot (trunk) of a car</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">External cartridge CD changers have one or more </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_%28electronics%29" title="Cartridge (electronics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cartridges</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> that the user loads with up to twelve different CDs (depending on manufacturer) and then inserts into the CD changer. The CD changer can then remove one CD at a time for playing. This type of player is commonly found in vehicles because the user can switch easily between large amounts of media contained in different cartridges.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internal cartridge</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cd_changer_internal_cartridge.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cd_changer_internal_cartridge.jpg/220px-Cd_changer_internal_cartridge.jpg" border="0" height="134" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="178" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internal cartridge for five CDs (external view)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internal cartridge CD changers work on the same basic principle as external cartridge players, except the cartridge never leaves the CD player. This type of CD player accepts multiple CDs through a single slot and stores them internally.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carousel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 115px; left: 0px; margin-left: 17px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 154px; z-index: -2;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cd_changer_carousel.jpg"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cd_changer_carousel.jpg/220px-Cd_changer_carousel.jpg" border="0" height="115" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="154" /></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carousel for three CDs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A carousel-type CD changer consists of a circular platter that holds three or more CDs. Traditional carousel CD players hold three, five, or seven discs on a flat carousel tray. The carousel ejects to allow access to the CDs. Once back inside, the CD changer can rotate the carousel to access all of the CDs. Such carousel CD changers often allow the user to rotate the carousel while open, and change all CDs if no CDs are currently playing, or to eject the carousel while one CD is playing to change any CDs accessible from that position. Another type of carousel CD player is the mega-disc or "jukebox" CD players as they are also known. They usually hold anywhere from 50 to 300 discs. The mega-disc CD player holds its discs in a vertical position in slots that are located 360 degrees around the carousel. When a disc is selected to be played, the carousel rotates so that the disc can be picked up by a pickup mechanism and placed in CD playback unit. Mega-disc CD players generally have a means of entering in titles of the CDs stored inside them, such as telephone style letter input system found on the remote control, a full letter keypad on the unit, or by use of an external keyboard attached to the unit. Many units can also automatically obtain the title of a CDs if it contains </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD-Text</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> info stored on it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evolution</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player" title="Digital audio player"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital audio players</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> have surpassed the concept of CD changers. For example, the first generation </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod" title="IPod"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iPod</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> can hold an equivalent of 50 discs (1000 songs)<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player#cite_note-10"><span style="color: windowtext;">[11]</span></a></sup> with a 128k bit rate for each song; thereby, the iPod is 1/10 the size of a CD changer cartridge, and about 1/20 the size of a carousel changer. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29" title="Solid state (electronics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solid state</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> flash-based digital audio players have rendered compact discs and thus CD changers obsolete for some purposes. While digital audio players often use a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" title="Lossy data compression"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lossy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> compression scheme, they usually can accept lossless formats such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV" title="WAV"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WAV</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PCM</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) as well, matching the quality of CD audio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer-based changers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD-ROM changers existed in the early 1990s as expensive external drives, often connecting through </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCSI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> interfaces.Changers were in a period when the mean hard drive capacity was measured in hundreds of megabytes. After exponential growth of hard drive storage density, a single inexpensive hard disk drive has many times the capacity of a CD, and changers have fallen out of use.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 319px; left: 0px; margin-left: 345px; margin-top: 28px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: -3;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens_and_wavefronts.gif"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Lens_and_wavefronts.gif" border="0" height="319" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="204" /></a></span><span style="height: 163px; left: 0px; margin-left: 52px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 216px; z-index: -6;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenso.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lenso.png/220px-Lenso.png" border="0" height="163" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="216" /></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Lens (optics)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses can be used to focus light.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <b>lens</b> is an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> device with perfect or approximate </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">axial symmetry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transmits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">refracts</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">light</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, converging or diverging the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beam" title="Light beam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<sup>[</sup></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><i><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">citation needed</span></sup></i></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_lens" title="Simple lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">simple lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> consists of a single optical element. A <i>compound lens</i> is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a common axis; the use of multiple elements allows more </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical aberrations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to be corrected than is possible with a single element. Lenses are typically made of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">glass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_%28optics%29" title="Transparency (optics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transparent</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">plastic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Elements which refract </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">electromagnetic radiation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> outside the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spectrum" title="Visual spectrum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">visual spectrum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are also called lenses: for instance, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">microwave</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lens can be made from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">paraffin wax</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.The variant spelling <b><i>lense</i></b> is sometimes seen. While it is listed as an alternative spelling in some dictionaries, most mainstream dictionaries do not list it as acceptable.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></sup></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><i><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">citation needed</span></sup></i></a><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 138px; left: 0px; margin-left: -13px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 173px; z-index: -4;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg/220px-GGB_reflection_in_raindrops.jpg" border="0" height="138" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="173" /></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">History</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Golden Gate Bridge</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">refracted</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rain</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droplets" title="Droplets"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">droplets</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which act as lenses</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convex_lens_flipped_image.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Convex_lens_flipped_image.JPG/220px-Convex_lens_flipped_image.JPG" border="0" height="177" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="230" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Image of a plant as seen through a biconvex lens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The oldest lens artifact is the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_lens" title="Nimrud lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nimrud lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which is over three thousand years old, dating back to ancient </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assyria</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-Nimrud_lens-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David Brewster</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> proposed that it may have been used as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">magnifying glass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, or as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning-glass" title="Burning-glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">burning-glass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to start fires by concentrating sunlight.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-Nimrud_lens-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-3"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Assyrian craftsmen made intricate engravings, and could have used such a lens in their work. Another early reference to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">magnification</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dates back to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ancient Egyptian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hieroglyphs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the 8th century BC, which depict "simple glass meniscal lenses".</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-Kriss-4"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The earliest written records of lenses date to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ancient_Greece" title="History of Ancient Greece"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancient Greece</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aristophanes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">' play </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Clouds</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (424 BC) mentioning a burning-glass (a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#Types_of_lenses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">biconvex lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> used to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_%28optics%29" title="Focus (optics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">focus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s rays to produce fire). The writings of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pliny the Elder</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (23–79) also show that burning-glasses were known to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roman Empire</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-5"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and mentions what is arguably the earliest use of a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">corrective lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nero</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was said to watch the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gladiatorial games</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> using an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emerald</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (presumably </span><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" title="wikt:concave"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">concave</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to correct for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">myopia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, though the reference is vague). Both Pliny and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seneca the Younger</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (3 BC–65) described the magnifying effect of a glass globe filled with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">water</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word <i>lens</i> comes from the Latin name of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lentil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, because a double-convex lens is lentil-shaped. The genus of the lentil plant is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28genus%29" title="Lens (genus)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lens</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and the most commonly eaten species is <i>Lens culinaris</i>. The lentil plant also gives its name to a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28geometry%29" title="Lens (geometry)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">geometric figure</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_physics" title="Islamic physics"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arab physicist</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" title="Islamic mathematics"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mathematician</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl" title="Ibn Sahl"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibn Sahl</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (c.940–c.1000) used what is now known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snell's law</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to calculate the shape of lenses.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Excavations at the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Viking</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> harbour town of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6jel" title="Fröjel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fröjel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gotland</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sweden</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> discovered in 1999 the rock crystal </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Visby lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, produced by turning on pole-lathes at Fröjel in the 11th to 12th century, with an imaging quality comparable to that of 1950s </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspheric_lens" title="Aspheric lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aspheric lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The Viking lenses were capable of concentrating enough sunlight to ignite fires.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Widespread use of lenses did not occur until the use of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_stone" title="Reading stone"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reading stones</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the 11th century and the invention of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacles" title="Spectacles"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">spectacles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, probably in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Italy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the 1280s. Scholars have noted that spectacles were invented not long after the translation of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibn al-Haytham's</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Book of Optics</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> into Latin, but it is not clear what role, if any, the optical theory of the time played in the discovery.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-Kriss-4"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-Ilardi-9"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nicholas of Cusa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is believed to have been the first to discover the benefits of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#Types_of_simple_lenses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">concave lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for the treatment of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">myopia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in 1451.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_sine_condition" title="Abbe sine condition"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abbe sine condition</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, due to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ernst Abbe</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1860s), is a condition that must be fulfilled by a lens or other optical system in order for it to produce sharp images of off-axis as well as on-axis objects. It revolutionized the design of optical instruments such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopes" title="Microscopes"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">microscopes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and helped to establish the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carl Zeiss</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> company as a leading supplier of optical instruments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Construction of simple lenses</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most lenses are <i>spherical lenses</i>: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres, with the lens axis ideally perpendicular to both surfaces. Each surface can be </span><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" title="wiktionary:convex"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">convex</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (bulging outwards from the lens), </span><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" title="wiktionary:concave"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">concave</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (depressed into the lens), or <i>planar</i> (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the <i>axis</i> of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_lens" title="Toric lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Toric</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_power" title="Focal power"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">focal power</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in different meridians. This is a form of deliberate </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">astigmatism</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.More complex are </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspheric_lens" title="Aspheric lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aspheric lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. These are lenses where one or both surfaces have a shape that is neither spherical nor cylindrical. Such lenses can produce images with much less </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aberration</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> than standard simple lenses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Types of simple lenses</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens2a.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Lens2a.png" border="0" height="193" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="421" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses are classified by the curvature of the two optical surfaces. A lens is <i>biconvex</i> (or <i>double convex</i>, or just <i>convex</i>) if both surfaces are </span><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" title="wikt:convex"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">convex</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. If both surfaces have the same radius of curvature, the lens is <i>equiconvex</i>. A lens with two </span><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" title="wikt:concave"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">concave</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> surfaces is <i>biconcave</i> (or just <i>concave</i>). If one of the surfaces is flat, the lens is <i>plano-convex</i> or <i>plano-concave</i> depending on the curvature of the other surface. A lens with one convex and one concave side is <i>convex-concave</i> or <i>meniscus</i>. It is this type of lens that is most commonly used in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_lenses#Lens_shape" title="Corrective lenses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">corrective lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_light" title="Collimated light"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collimated</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or parallel beam of light travelling parallel to the lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or <i>focused</i>) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">focal length</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). In this case, the lens is called a <i>positive</i> or <i>converging</i> lens.</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="LightList1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 632px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 103.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: black; height: 103.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens1.svg" title=""Biconvex lens" "><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: background1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Biconvex lens" border="0" height="250" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="386" /></span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: black; height: 103.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large_convex_lens.jpg"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: background1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Large convex lens.jpg" border="0" height="162" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" width="232" /></span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the lens is biconcave or plano-concave, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus called a <i>negative</i> or <i>diverging</i> lens. The beam after passing through the lens appears to be emanating from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance from this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 551px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 145.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 145.4pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens1b.svg" title=""Biconcave lens" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Biconcave lens" border="0" height="225" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="386" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="height: 145.4pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concave_lens.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Concave lens.jpg" border="0" height="104" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.jpg" width="132" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" /> Convex-concave (meniscus) lenses can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces. A <i>negative meniscus</i> lens has a steeper concave surface and will be thinner at the centre than at the periphery. Conversely, a <i>positive meniscus</i> lens has a steeper convex surface and will be thicker at the centre than at the periphery. An ideal </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_lens" title="Thin lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thin lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> with two surfaces of equal curvature would have zero </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_power" title="Optical power"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical power</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, meaning that it would neither converge nor diverge light. All real lenses have a nonzero thickness, however, which affects the optical power. To obtain exactly zero optical power, a meniscus lens must have slightly unequal curvatures to account for the effect of the lens' thickness.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lensmaker's equation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The focal length of a lens <i>in air</i> can be calculated from the <b>lensmaker's equation</b>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\frac{1}{f} = (n-1) \left[ \frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{(n-1)d}{n R_1 R_2} \right]," border="0" height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="308" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">where</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the focal length of the lens,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">refractive index</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the lens material,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the radius of curvature of the lens surface closest to the light source,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the radius of curvature of the lens surface farthest from the light source, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the thickness of the lens (the distance along the lens axis between the two </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_vertex#Surface_vertices" title="Surface vertex"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">surface vertices</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sign convention of lens radii <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>2</sub></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature_%28optics%29" title="Radius of curvature (optics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radius of curvature (optics)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The signs of the lens' radii of curvature indicate whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_convention" title="Sign convention"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sign convention</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> used to represent this varies, but in this article if <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> is positive the first surface is convex, and if <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> is negative the surface is concave. The signs are reversed for the back surface of the lens: if <i>R</i><sub>2</sub> is positive the surface is concave, and if <i>R</i><sub>2</sub> is negative the surface is convex. If either radius is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">infinite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, the corresponding surface is flat. With this convention the signs are determined by the shapes of the lens surfaces, and are independent of the direction in which light travels through the lens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thin lens equation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If <i>d</i> is small compared to <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>2</sub>, then the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_lens" title="Thin lens"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thin lens</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> approximation can be made. For a lens in air, <i>f</i> is then given by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\frac{1}{f} \approx \left(n-1\right)\left[ \frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} \right]." border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="208" /></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-11"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[12]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The focal length <i>f</i> is positive for converging lenses, and negative for diverging lenses. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reciprocal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the focal length, 1/<i>f</i>, is the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_power" title="Optical power"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical power</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the lens. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre" title="Dioptre"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dioptres</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (inverse metres).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses have the same focal length when light travels from the back to the front as when light goes from the front to the back, although other properties of the lens, such as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_in_optical_systems" title="Aberration in optical systems"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aberrations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are not necessarily the same in both directions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imaging properties</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reflectionprojection.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reflectionprojection.jpg/170px-Reflectionprojection.jpg" border="0" height="152" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="195" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This image has three visible reflections and one visible projection of the same lamp; two reflections are on a biconvex lens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As mentioned above, a positive or converging lens in air will focus a collimated beam travelling along the lens axis to a spot (known as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_%28optics%29" title="Focus (optics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">focal point</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) at a distance <i>f</i> from the lens. Conversely, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">point source</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of light placed at the focal point will be converted into a collimated beam by the lens. These two cases are examples of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">image</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> formation in lenses. In the former case, an object at an infinite distance (as represented by a collimated beam of waves) is focused to an image at the focal point of the lens. In the latter, an object at the focal length distance from the lens is imaged at infinity. The plane perpendicular to the lens axis situated at a distance <i>f</i> from the lens is called the <i>focal plane</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens3.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Lens3.svg" border="0" height="242" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="449" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the distances from the object to the lens and from the lens to the image are <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> respectively, for a lens of negligible thickness, in air, the distances are related by the <b>thin lens formula</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\frac{1}{S_1} + \frac{1}{S_2} = \frac{1}{f} " border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="111" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This can also be put into the "Newtonian" form:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="x_1 x_2 = f^2,\!" border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="87" /></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-12"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[13]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">where <i>x</i><sub>1</sub> = <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> − <i>f</i> and <i>x</i><sub>2</sub> = <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> − <i>f</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What this means is that, if an object is placed at a distance <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> along the axis in front of a positive lens of focal length <i>f</i>, a screen placed at a distance <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> behind the lens will have a sharp image of the object projected onto it, as long as <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> > <i>f</i> (if the lens-to-screen distance <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> is varied slightly, the image will become less sharp). This is the principle behind </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">photography</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">human eye</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The image in this case is known as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image" title="Real image"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">real image</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens3b.svg" title=""360" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="360" border="0" height="228" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="422" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note that if <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> < <i>f</i>, <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> becomes negative, the image is apparently positioned on the same side of the lens as the object. Although this kind of image, known as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_image" title="Virtual image"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">virtual image</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, cannot be projected on a screen, an observer looking through the lens will see the image in its apparent calculated position. A </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">magnifying glass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> creates this kind of image.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">magnification</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the lens is given by:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt=" M = - \frac{S_2}{S_1} = \frac{f}{f - S_1} " border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="171" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">where <i>M</i> is the magnification factor; if |<i>M</i>|>1, the image is larger than the object. Notice the sign convention here shows that, if <i>M</i> is negative, as it is for real images, the image is upside-down with respect to the object. For virtual images, <i>M</i> is positive and the image is upright.In the special case that <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> = ∞, then <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> = <i>f</i> and <i>M</i> = −<i>f</i> / ∞ = 0. This corresponds to a collimated beam being focused to a single spot at the focal point. The size of the image in this case is not actually zero, since </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diffraction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> effects place a lower limit on the size of the image (see </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_criterion" title="Rayleigh criterion"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rayleigh criterion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -5;"><span style="height: 258px; left: -86px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -96px; width: 405px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens4.svg"><img alt="Lens4.svg" border="0" height="258" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="405" /></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The formulas above may also be used for negative (diverging) lens by using a negative focal length (<i>f</i>), but for these lenses only virtual images can be formed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the case of lenses that are not thin, or for more complicated multi-lens optical systems, the same formulas can be used, but <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> are interpreted differently. If the system is in air or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vacuum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>S</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>S</i><sub>2</sub> are measured from the front and rear </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_plane" title="Principal plane"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">principal planes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the system, respectively. Imaging in media with an index of refraction greater than 1 is more complicated, and is beyond the scope of this article.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aberrations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_in_optical_systems" title="Aberration in optical systems"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aberration in optical systems</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses do not form perfect images, and there is always some degree of distortion or <i>aberration</i> introduced by the lens which causes the image to be an imperfect replica of the object. Careful design of the lens system for a particular application ensures that the aberration is minimized. There are several different types of aberration which can affect image quality.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spherical aberration</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spherical aberration</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> occurs because spherical surfaces are not the ideal shape with which to make a lens, but they are by far the simplest shape to which glass can be </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_and_testing_of_optical_components" title="Fabrication and testing of optical components"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ground and polished</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and so are often used. Spherical aberration causes beams parallel to, but distant from, the lens axis to be focused in a slightly different place than beams close to the axis. This manifests itself as a blurring of the image. Lenses in which closer-to-ideal, non-spherical surfaces are used are called <i>aspheric</i> lenses. These were formerly complex to make and often extremely expensive, but advances in technology have greatly reduced the manufacturing cost for such lenses. Spherical aberration can be minimised by careful choice of the curvature of the surfaces for a particular application: for instance, a plano-convex lens which is used to focus a collimated beam produces a sharper focal spot when used with the convex side towards the beam source.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -1;"><span style="height: 261px; left: -56px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 398px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens5.svg"><img alt="Lens5.svg" border="0" height="261" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="398" /></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coma</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another type of aberration is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_%28optics%29" title="Coma (optics)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">coma</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which derives its name from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet" title="Comet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">comet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-like appearance of the aberrated image. Coma occurs when an object off the optical axis of the lens is imaged, where rays pass through the lens at an angle to the axis θ. Rays which pass through the centre of the lens of focal length <i>f</i> are focused at a point with distance <i>f</i> tan θ from the axis. Rays passing through the outer margins of the lens are focused at different points, either further from the axis (positive coma) or closer to the axis (negative coma). In general, a bundle of parallel rays passing through the lens at a fixed distance from the centre of the lens are focused to a ring-shaped image in the focal plane, known as a <i>comatic circle</i>. The sum of all these circles results in a V-shaped or comet-like flare. As with spherical aberration, coma can be minimised (and in some cases eliminated) by choosing the curvature of the two lens surfaces to match the application. Lenses in which both spherical aberration and coma are minimised are called <i>bestform</i> lenses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens-coma.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Lens-coma.svg" border="0" height="253" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="385" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chromatic aberration</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chromatic aberration</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is caused by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_%28optics%29" title="Dispersion (optics)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dispersion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the lens material—the variation of its </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">refractive index</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>n</i>, with the wavelength of light. Since, from the formulae above, <i>f</i> is dependent upon <i>n</i>, it follows that different wavelengths of light will be focused to different positions. Chromatic aberration of a lens is seen as fringes of colour around the image. It can be minimised by using an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">achromatic doublet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (or <i>achromat</i>) in which two materials with differing dispersion are bonded together to form a single lens. This reduces the amount of chromatic aberration over a certain range of wavelengths, though it does not produce perfect correction. The use of achromats was an important step in the development of the optical microscope. An </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat" title="Apochromat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apochromat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a lens or lens system which has even better correction of chromatic aberration, combined with improved correction of spherical aberration. Apochromats are much more expensive than achromats.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Different lens materials may also be used to minimise chromatic aberration, such as specialised coatings or lenses made from the crystal </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fluorite</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. This naturally occurring substance has the highest known </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_number" title="Abbe number"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abbe number</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, indicating that the material has low dispersion.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens6a.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Lens6a.svg" border="0" height="219" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="327" /></span></span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens6b-en.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Lens6b-en.svg" border="0" height="215" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="321" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other types of aberration</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other kinds of aberration include </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_curvature" title="Field curvature"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">field curvature</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_distortion" title="Barrel distortion"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">barrel</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincushion_distortion" title="Pincushion distortion"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pincushion distortion</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">astigmatism</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aperture diffraction</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even if a lens is designed to minimize or eliminate the aberrations described above, the image quality is still limited by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diffraction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of light passing through the lens' finite </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aperture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. A </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited" title="Diffraction-limited"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diffraction-limited</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lens is one in which aberrations have been reduced to the point where the image quality is primarily limited by diffraction under the design conditions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compound lenses</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See also: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens" title="Photographic lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photographic lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_%28lens%29" title="Doublet (lens)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doublet (lens)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromat" title="Achromat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Achromat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simple lenses are subject to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#Aberrations"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical aberrations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> discussed above. In many cases these aberrations can be compensated for to a great extent by using a combination of simple lenses with complementary aberrations. A <i>compound lens</i> is a collection of simple lenses of different shapes and made of materials of different refractive indices, arranged one after the other with a common axis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The simplest case is where lenses are placed in contact: if the lenses of focal lengths <i>f</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>f</i><sub>2</sub> are "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_lens" title="Thin lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">", the combined focal length <i>f</i> of the lenses is given by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{f_1} + \frac{1}{f_2}." border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="111" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since 1/<i>f</i> is the power of a lens, it can be seen that the powers of thin lenses in contact are additive.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If two thin lenses are separated in air by some distance <i>d</i> (where <i>d</i> is smaller than the focal length of the first lens), the focal length for the combined system is given by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{f_1} + \frac{1}{f_2}-\frac{d}{f_1 f_2}." border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="174" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The distance from the second lens to the focal point of the combined lenses is called the <i>back focal length</i> (BFL).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt=" \mbox{BFL} = \frac{f_2 (d - f_1) } { d - (f_1 +f_2) }." border="0" height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="182" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As <i>d</i> tends to zero, the value of the BFL tends to the value of <i>f</i> given for thin lenses in contact.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal lengths (<i>d</i> = <i>f</i><sub>1</sub>+<i>f</i><sub>2</sub>), the combined focal length and BFL are infinite. This corresponds to a pair of lenses that transform a parallel (collimated) beam into another collimated beam. This type of system is called an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_system" title="Afocal system"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">afocal system</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, since it produces no net convergence or divergence of the beam. Two lenses at this separation form the simplest type of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical telescope</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Although the system does not alter the divergence of a collimated beam, it does alter the width of the beam. The magnification of such a telescope is given by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="M = -\frac{f_2}{f_1}," border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="88" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">which is the ratio of the input beam width to the output beam width. Note the sign convention: a telescope with two convex lenses (<i>f</i><sub>1</sub> > 0, <i>f</i><sub>2</sub> > 0) produces a negative magnification, indicating an inverted image. A convex plus a concave lens (<i>f</i><sub>1</sub> > 0 > <i>f</i><sub>2</sub>) produces a positive magnification and the image is upright.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses of lenses</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A single convex lens mounted in a frame with a handle or stand is a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">magnifying glass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses are used as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic" title="Prosthetic"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">prosthetics</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for the correction of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">visual impairments</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">myopia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperopia" title="Hyperopia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hyperopia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">presbyopia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">astigmatism</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. (See </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">corrective lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">contact lens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglasses" title="Eyeglasses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eyeglasses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.) Most lenses used for other purposes have strict </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">axial symmetry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; eyeglass lenses are only approximately symmetric. They are usually shaped to fit in a roughly oval, not circular, frame; the optical centers are placed over the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeball" title="Eyeball"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eyeballs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; their curvature may not be axially symmetric to correct for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">astigmatism</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunglasses'</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lenses are designed to attenuate light; sunglass lenses that also correct visual impairments can be custom made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other uses are in imaging systems such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">monoculars</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">binoculars</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">telescopes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">microscopes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cameras</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">projectors</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Some of these instruments produce a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_image" title="Virtual image"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">virtual image</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> when applied to the human eye; others produce a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image" title="Real image"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">real image</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which can be captured on </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">photographic film</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_sensor" title="Optical sensor"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">optical sensor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, or can be viewed on a screen. In these devices lenses are sometimes paired up with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">curved mirrors</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to make a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system" title="Catadioptric system"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">catadioptric system</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> where the lenses spherical aberration corrects the opposite aberration in the mirror (such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate" title="Schmidt corrector plate"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schmidt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_corrector" title="Meniscus corrector"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meniscus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> correctors).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Convex lenses produce an image of an object at infinity at their focus; if the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is imaged, much of the visible and infrared light incident on the lens is concentrated into the small image. A large lens will create enough intensity to burn a flammable object at the focal point. Since ignition can be achieved even with a poorly made lens, lenses have been used as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning-glass" title="Burning-glass"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">burning-glasses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for at least 2400 years.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29#cite_note-13"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[14]</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A modern application is the use of relatively large lenses to concentrate solar energy on relatively small </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" title="Photovoltaic cell"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">photovoltaic cells</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, harvesting more energy without the need to use larger, more expensive, cells.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radio astronomy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">radar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> systems often use </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_lens" title="Dielectric lens"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dielectric lenses</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, commonly called a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lens_antenna&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lens antenna (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lens antenna</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to refract </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">electromagnetic radiation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> into a collector antenna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lenses can become scratched and abraded. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_%28mechanical%29" title="Abrasion (mechanical)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abrasion resistant</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> coatings are available to help control this. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-21237633766878572452012-02-16T22:14:00.001-08:002012-02-16T22:14:36.722-08:00CARA MENGKONVERSI KASET KE CD DENGAN SOFTWARE DASAR SOUND RECORDER<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CARA MENGKONVERSI KASET KE CD DENGAN SOFTWARE DASAR SOUND RECORDER</span></b></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komp-tape" height="195" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="422" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.budies.co.nr/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saya </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pernah merekam kaset kursus bahasa Inggris dan diubah ke MP3, sehingga dapat saya masukkan ke HP dan IPOT atau <i>Mp3 player</i>. Saya pernah juga mengubahnya menjadi tersimpan dalam CD, satu keping CD dapat memuat 4 kaset bolak-balik. Suara yang dihasilkan lebih jernih dan penyimpanannya lebih awet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perangkat keras yang dipersiapkan adalah :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.tape recorder ( yang ada port head out/earphone out), untuk memutar kasetnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. jack+kabel dari phone out tape,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. jack +kabel untuk mic pada PC, PC. Sebagai mic tetapi suara diambil dari head out tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun perangkat lunaknya :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Absolute MP3 spliter, untuk mengubah format WMA ke MP3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. software yang dapat merekam,SOUND RECORDER </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah yang ditempuh untuk memulai merekam adalah :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.pada PC jalankan sofware perekam (SOUND RECORDER)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. masukkan kaset pada tape recorder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. pasang jack headout pada tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. pasang jack mic pada PC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. putar kaset(play)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. tekan tombol rekam pada SOUND RECORDER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. jika selesai merekam jangan lupa menyimpan filenya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil rekaman yang tersimpan berupa format WMA, agar dapat dimainkan oleh MP3 player, file rekaman tadi dikonversi ke dalam format MP3 menggunakan Absolut Mp3 Spliter. gambar SOUND RECORDER sebagai software dasar untuk merekam / mengkonversi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="height: 186px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 311px; z-index: -1;"><img alt="apvghajvgh000.jpg" height="186" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="311" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CARA MENGKONVERSI KASET KE CD DENGAN SOFTWARE AUDACITY</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Audacity adalah perangkat lunak open source dan freeware yang berfungsi untuk merekam dan menyunting materi audio. Program ini tersedia untuk berbagai operating system (OS) seperti GNU/Linux, dan tentu saja Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista dan versi terbarunya adalah audacity 1.3.12(Beta)<br />
<br />
Kita dapat menggunakan Audacity untuk merakam secara langsung, mengkonfersi kaset dan rekaman ke dalam bentuk CD atau digital, menyunting file-file audio dalam format: Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV, maupun AIFF, mengubah kecepatan dan pitch rekaman, dan lain-lain. <br />
<br />
Selain itu yang cukup menarik adalah adanya fasilitas sound effect. Kemampuannya antara lain mengubah pitch suara tanpa mengubah tempo dan sebaliknya. Audacity mampu menghilangkan noise latar belakang.<br />
<br />
Audacity dapat di download secara gratis atau free pada http://audacity.sourceforge.net<br />
Sedangkan file instalannya cukup kecil hanya 3,081 Mb. Setelah di install membutuhkan ruang 8,25 Mb di hard disk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="201" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="237" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CARA MENGKONVERSI KASET KE CD DENGAN REALTEK SOUND MANAGER(AVRACK)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komp-tape" border="0" height="236" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="536" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><a href="http://www.budies.co.nr/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saya </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pernah merekam kaset kursus bahasa Inggris dan diubah ke MP3, sehingga dapat saya masukkan ke HP dan IPOT atau <i>Mp3 player</i>. Saya pernah juga mengubahnya menjadi tersimpan dalam CD, satu keping CD dapat memuat 4 kaset bolak-balik. Suara yang dihasilkan lebih jernih dan penyimpanannya lebih awet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perangkat keras yang dipersiapkan adalah :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.tape recorder ( yang ada port head out/earphone out), untuk memutar kasetnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. jack+kabel dari phone out tape,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. jack +kabel untuk mic pada PC, PC. Sebagai mic tetapi suara diambil dari head out tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. solder+timah solder jika ada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. isolasi secukupnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun perangkat lunaknya :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Absolute MP3 spliter, untuk mengubah format WMA ke MP3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. software yang dapat merekam,, disini saya pakai Realtek sound manager(AvRack) bawaan soundcard</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah yang ditempuh untuk memulai merekam adalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.menyambung dua buah jack tadi dengan kabel secukupnya (1-2m).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.pada PC jalankan sofware perekam (AvRack), atur inputnya – pilih mic sebagai input</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. masukkan kaset pada tape recorder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. pasang jack headout pada tape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. pasang jack mic pada PC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. putar kaset(play)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. tekan tombol rekam pada AvRack</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. jika selesai merekam jangan lupa menyimpan filenya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil rekaman yang tersimpan berupa format WMA, agar dapat dimainkan oleh MP3 player, file rekaman tadi dikonversi ke dalam format MP3 menggunakan Absolut Mp3 Spliter. Selamat mencoba Semoga nanti senam gak lagi terhenti disebabkan pita kaset yang kualitasnya mulai menurun. Sekarang senam bisa menggunakan IPOT, VCD, atau Laptop yang dihubungkan dengan amplifier.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gambar AvRack sebagai sofware perekam ketika dijalankan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="real1" border="0" height="336" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="416" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1, memilih input, saya pilih mic sebagai input</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. menentukan penyimpanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. setiap memulai merekam baru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4, stop rekam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. memutar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. merekam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BEBERAPA SOFTWARE LAIN PENGKONVERSI AUDIO</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">AUDACITY</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">POWER AUDIO EDITOR</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JET AUDIO 7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">NERO</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">COOL EDIT</span></div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-16153695737964562692012-02-16T22:12:00.001-08:002012-02-16T22:12:42.286-08:00TRANSISTOR<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Transistor pertemuan tunggal</span></b></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background: #FFFF88; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Unijunction_Transistors.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Unijunction Transistors.JPG" border="0" height="338" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="225" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: #8888FF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simbol</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EEEEEE; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:UJT_symbol.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="UJT symbol.JPG" border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="178" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:UJT_symbol.JPG" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://id.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background: #8888FF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EEEEEE; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen aktif</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background: #8888FF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kategori</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EEEEEE; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="background: #8888FF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemasan</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EEEEEE; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 kaki (emitor, basis1, basis2)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Infobox_komponen_elektronika" title="Templat:Infobox komponen elektronika"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_komponen_elektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox komponen elektronika (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002bb8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_komponen_elektronika&action=edit"><span style="color: #002bb8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<b>UJT</b>) adalah sebuah peranti semikonduktor elektronik yang hanya mempunyai satu pertemuan.</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konstruksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJT mempunyai tiga saluran, sebuah emitor (E) dan dua basis (B1 dan B2). Basis dibentuk oleh batang silikon tipe-n yang terkotori ringan. Dua sambungan ohmik B1 dan B2 ditambahkan pada kedua ujung batang silikon. Resistansi diantara B1 dan B2 ketika emitor dalam keadaan rangkaian terbuka dinamakan resistensi antarbasis (<i>interbase resistance</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada dua tipe dari transistor pertemuan tunggal, yaitu:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal dasar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau UJT, adalah sebuah peranti sederhana yang pada dasarnya adalah sebuah batangan semikonduktor tipe-n yang ditambahkan difusi bahan tipe-p di suatu tempat sepanjang batangan, menentukan parameter η dari peranti. Peranti 2N2646 adalah versi yang paling sering digunakan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal dapat diprogram</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau PUT, sebenarnya adalah saudara dekat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiristor" title="Tiristor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tiristor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Seperti tiristor, ini terbentuk dari empat lapisan P-N dan mempunyai sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoda" title="Anoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoda" title="Katoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">katoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang tersambung ke lapisan pertama dan lapisan terakhir, dan sebuah gerbang yang disambungkan ke salah satu lapisan tengah. Penggunaan PUT tidak dapat secara langsung dipertukarkan dengan penggunaan UJT, tetapi menunjukkan fungsi yang mirip. Pada konfigurasi sirkuit konvensional, digunakan dua resistor pemrogram untuk mengeset parameter η dari PUT, pada konfigurasi ini, UJT berlaku seperti UJT konvensional. Peranti 2N6027 adalah contoh dari peranti ini.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJT dipanjar dengan tegangan positif diantara kedua basis. Ini menyebabkan penurunan tegangan disepanjang peranti. Ketika tegangan emitor dinaikkan kira-kira 0,7V diatas tegangan difusi P (emitor), arus mulai mengalir dari emitor ke daerah basis. Karena daerah basis dikotori sangat ringan, arus tambahan (sebenarnya muatan pada daerah basis) menyebabkan modulasi konduktifitas yang mengurangi resistansi basis diantara pertemuan emitor dan saluran B2. Pengurangan resistansi berarti pertemuan emitor lebih dipanjar maju, dan bahkan ketika lebih banyak arus diinjeksikam. Secara keseluruhan, efeknya adalah resistansi negatif pada saluran emitor. Inilah alasan mengapa UJT sangat berguna, terutama untuk sirkuit osilator sederhana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepopuleran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkuit UJT pernah terkenal pada penggemar elektronika transistor sekitar tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980 karena UJT memungkinkan pembuatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osilator" title="Osilator"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">osilator</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sederhana yang dibuat hanya dengan satu peranti aktif. Sekarang, karena </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC" title="IC"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi lebih populer , osilator seperti IC pewaktu 555 lebih sering digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain penggunaan pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osilator_relaksasi" title="Osilator relaksasi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">osilator relaksasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, salah satu penggunaan UJT dan PUT yang paling penting adalah untuk menyulut </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiristor" title="Tiristor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tiristor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCR" title="SCR"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCR</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TRIAC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dll). Faktanya, tegangan DC dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan sirkuit UJT dan PUT karena waktu hidup peranti meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan tegangan kendali DC. Penggunaan ini penting untuk pengendalia AC arus tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/u/uj/ujt_symbol.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Unijunction_transistor&usg=__tWsGp8oHnxYkmvBdH2yR5hq_zig=&h=135&w=178&sz=3&hl=id&start=4&um=1&tbnid=fYr6SccovHL9iM:&tbnh=77&tbnw=101&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:fYr6SccovHL9iM:http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/u/uj/ujt_symbol.jpg" border="0" height="77" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="101" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://wolfstone.halloweenhost.com/Flicker/flktch_UJT.gif&imgrefurl=http://wolfstone.halloweenhost.com/Flicker/flktch_FlickerTechniques.html&usg=__joqAQzLTh4KxV0WWwP0il5H39NQ=&h=505&w=600&sz=9&hl=id&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NoC_OM0VNqFzDM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:NoC_OM0VNqFzDM:http://wolfstone.halloweenhost.com/Flicker/flktch_UJT.gif" border="0" height="114" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="135" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.talkingelectronics.com.au/projects/UJT/images/UJT-to-SCR-cct.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.talkingelectronics.com.au/projects/UJT/UJT_Page.html&usg=__n-5cOImuXHj9WibWCd3AtC2rJ4E=&h=240&w=340&sz=5&hl=id&start=6&um=1&tbnid=xWmnj_UGe7ztXM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:xWmnj_UGe7ztXM:http://www.talkingelectronics.com.au/projects/UJT/images/UJT-to-SCR-cct.gif" border="0" height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="119" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vias.org/feee/img/ujt_basic_function.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.vias.org/feee/thyr_09.html&usg=__TQAguj5_pd_j-X_w_HgxyDSrEBA=&h=268&w=265&sz=3&hl=id&start=10&um=1&tbnid=bTG0N8dtLPcznM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=112&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:bTG0N8dtLPcznM:http://www.vias.org/feee/img/ujt_basic_function.gif" border="0" height="113" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="112" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/0180.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/26h.htm&usg=__eJjX7800u3cGJqH8HJ-29f38gyU=&h=314&w=482&sz=5&hl=id&start=11&um=1&tbnid=ckcc9nDKvzugQM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=129&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ckcc9nDKvzugQM:http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/0180.GIF" border="0" height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="129" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/UJT_caratteristica.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UJT_caratteristica.png&usg=__eUxjaRGb7lMCr3KBejhYlJ7qhUg=&h=347&w=593&sz=4&hl=id&start=12&um=1&tbnid=nMytjfFfxXkEZM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q=UJT&hl=id&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&sa=X&um=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:nMytjfFfxXkEZM:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/UJT_caratteristica.png" border="0" height="79" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="135" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/id/Berkas:Unijunction_Transistors.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://pic.srv104.wapedia.mobi/thumb/953514521/id/fixed/120/180/Unijunction_Transistors.JPG?format=jpg,png,gif" border="0" height="180" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="120" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/id/Berkas:UJT_symbol.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://pic.srv104.wapedia.mobi/thumb/953514521/id/fixed/178/135/UJT_symbol.JPG?format=jpg,png,gif" border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" width="178" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TipeKomponen aktifKategoriTransistorKemasan3 kaki (emitor, basis1, basis2) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Konstruksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJT mempunyai tiga saluran, sebuah emitor (E) dan dua basis (B1 dan B2). Basis dibentuk oleh batang silikon tipe-n yang terkotori ringan. Dua sambungan ohmik B1 dan B2 ditambahkan pada kedua ujung batang silikon. Resistansi diantara B1 dan B2 ketika emitor dalam keadaan rangkaian terbuka dinamakan resistensi antarbasis (<i>interbase resistance</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Tipe</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada dua tipe dari transistor pertemuan tunggal, yaitu:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal dasar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau UJT, adalah sebuah peranti sederhana yang pada dasarnya adalah sebuah batangan semikonduktor tipe-n yang ditambahkan difusi bahan tipe-p di suatu tempat sepanjang batangan, menentukan parameter <img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="32" />dari peranti. Peranti 2N2646 adalah versi yang paling sering digunakan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor pertemuan tunggal dapat diprogram</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau PUT, sebenarnya adalah saudara dekat </span><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/id/Tiristor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tiristor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Seperti tiristor, ini terbentuk dari empat lapisan P-N dan mempunyai sebuah </span><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/id/Anoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan sebuah </span><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/id/Katoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">katoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang tersambung ke lapisan pertama dan lapisan terakhir, dan sebuah gerbang yang disambungkan ke salah satu lapisan tengah. Penggunaan PUT tidak dapat secara langsung dipertukarkan dengan penggunaan UJT, tetapi menunjukkan fungsi yang mirip. Pada konfigurasi sirkuit konvensional, digunakan dua resistor pemrogram untuk mengeset parameter <img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="32" />dari PUT, pada konfigurasi ini, UJT berlaku seperti UJT konvensional. Peranti 2N6027 adalah contoh dari peranti ini.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uni Junktion Transistor (UJT)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><a href="http://opensource.telkomspeedy.com/wiki/index.php/Image:Ujt.jpg" title=""" "><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://opensource.telkomspeedy.com/wiki/images/thumb/c/cf/Ujt.jpg/300px-Ujt.jpg" border="0" height="104" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><a href="http://opensource.telkomspeedy.com/wiki/index.php/Image:Ujt.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://opensource.telkomspeedy.com/wiki/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uni Junktion Transistor (UJT) adalah transistor yang mempunyai satu kaki emitor dan dua basis. Kegunaan transistor ini adalah terutama untuk switch elektronis. Ada Dua jenis UJT ialah UJT Kanal N dan UJT Kanal P. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<b>Menguji UJT<br />
</b><br />
<a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_Y7Klbpn4INk/SBiTd3qnbNI/AAAAAAAAAEs/G9ZBN53m_oo/s1600-h/New+Picture+%283%29.png"><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bp0.blogger.com/_Y7Klbpn4INk/SBiTd3qnbNI/AAAAAAAAAEs/G9ZBN53m_oo/s320/New+Picture+%283%29.png" border="0" height="132" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="301" /></span></span></a><br />
Cara kerja UJT (Uni Junktion Transistor) adalah seperti switch, UJT kalau masih bisa on¬ off berarti masih baik. <br />
Jangkah pada 10 VDC dan potensio pada minimum, tegangan harus kecil. Setelah potensio diputar pelan¬-pelan jarum naik sampai posisi tertentu dan kalau diputar terus jarum tetap disitu. Bila jarum diputar pelan--pelan ke arah minimum lagi, pada suatu posisi tertentu tiba-¬tiba jarum bergerak ke kiri dan bila putaran potensio diteruskan sampai minimum jarum tetap disitu. Bila peristiwa tersebut terjadi, maka UJT masih baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJT </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unijunction Transistor adalah dua perangkat lapisan, dengan satu </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/p_n_junction.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg4V_4uYNsebSbrBEnW6t19hhFUVA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PN junction;</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> itu pernah disebut sebagai basis ganda </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/diode.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhunOSEaDUOi97NI5gIKPlfle9gHA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dioda.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ini adalah generator denyut, dengan sinyal pemicu diterapkan pada emitor; sebuah UJT tidak akan melakukan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/current.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgji0KrT52imar86AlcjYTvipTG8w"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sampai puncak </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/voltage.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhSdD2uFZCAsGQnmgZwLBVYp5ihCA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tegangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tercapai pada sinyal memicu ini. ( Hal ini memicu </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/voltage.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhSdD2uFZCAsGQnmgZwLBVYp5ihCA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tegangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (V <sub>p)</sub> adalah fraksi ( <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="eta" border="0" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="9" /></span>, Yang sering disebut penyanderaan intrinsik rasio) dari Interbase </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/voltage.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhSdD2uFZCAsGQnmgZwLBVYp5ihCA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tegangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (vbb). </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="UJT simbol" border="0" height="43" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="48" /><img alt="Penampang UJT" border="0" height="100" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="47" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika V <sub>p</sub> adalah tercapai, pulsa positif dihasilkan di B1, dan denyut nadi negatif di B2; baik dapat digunakan untuk memicu perangkat lain, misalnya sebagai </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/scr.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhnOP6YAD7zjsddhyFt6kbUbAX6JA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCR.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perhatikan bahwa <sub>p</sub> dan V adalah fungsi dari internal UJT geometri. Wilayah antara B1 dan B2 bertindak agak seperti variabel </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/resistor.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj-8HaT1yzM3plCWMW4RmyUA4p7Jw"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">resistor,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/emitter.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJ5MBOQeuWDX29BPA-K6FESGFDMA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emitor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bertindak sebagai semacam lengan wiper; <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="eta" border="0" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="9" /></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian fungsi dari </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/emitter.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJ5MBOQeuWDX29BPA-K6FESGFDMA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emitor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 's lokasi antara B1 dan B2. Juga mencatat bahwa benar-benar berbicara, seorang UJT dapat dibangun baik dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/p_type.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjeAPKk1HPexUqWGn0UK2HkKZWoZw"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tipe P-daerah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/n_type.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjnJpFQKoVyQe9fFQ1iknDbZ0W1hA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N-jenis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> substrat (sebuah </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/n_channel.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjZX8-VdVtiNY_4qRMaW4XWgHHsMA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N-saluran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> UJT, seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas), atau dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/n_type.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjnJpFQKoVyQe9fFQ1iknDbZ0W1hA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tipe N-daerah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/p_type.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjeAPKk1HPexUqWGn0UK2HkKZWoZw"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P-type</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> substrat ( sebuah </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/p_channel.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiHj2ZAex9K931IB0PV8ki5NcIv0Q"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P-saluran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> UJT). Dalam prakteknya, hanya </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/n_channel.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjZX8-VdVtiNY_4qRMaW4XWgHHsMA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N-channel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> UJTs tampaknya akan diproduksi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJTs tidak sering digunakan dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/beam.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiBCd_uo_BJInoQ_QQCT3FDlY2VUw"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BEAM,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan hanya jarang luar baik (mereka sangat umum digunakan komponen pada 1970-an, tetapi kebanyakan hanya digunakan dalam osilator dewasa ini). Digabungkan dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/scr.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhnOP6YAD7zjsddhyFt6kbUbAX6JA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCR</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> s, meskipun, mereka dapat membuat berarti </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/solar_engine.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgoXp11tglxjsKCXS-EzTvHQCsYFA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mesin solar.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dalam kasus ini, UJT digunakan sebagai </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/voltage.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhSdD2uFZCAsGQnmgZwLBVYp5ihCA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tegangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memicu tingkat untuk </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/solar_engine.html&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgoXp11tglxjsKCXS-EzTvHQCsYFA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mesin solar.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Unijunction transistor </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unijunction_transistors.jpg&prev=/translate_s?hl=id&q=FUNGSI+UJT&tq=FUNCTION+UJT&sl=id&tl=en&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjghb5Oc4HLtROoTMO3OdwExi-mMw"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Unijunction_transistors.jpg/180px-Unijunction_transistors.jpg" border="0" height="270" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="180" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unijunction_transistors.jpg&prev=/translate_s?hl=id&q=FUNGSI+UJT&tq=FUNCTION+UJT&sl=id&tl=en&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjghb5Oc4HLtROoTMO3OdwExi-mMw" title=""Memperbesar" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unijunction transistors Unijunction transistor </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UJT_symbol.JPG&prev=/translate_s?hl=id&q=FUNGSI+UJT&tq=FUNCTION+UJT&sl=id&tl=en&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgEippsudtLY8Yg4KJDZJ65kuw-gA"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/UJT_symbol.JPG" border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="178" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UJT_symbol.JPG&prev=/translate_s?hl=id&q=FUNGSI+UJT&tq=FUNCTION+UJT&sl=id&tl=en&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgEippsudtLY8Yg4KJDZJ65kuw-gA" title=""Memperbesar" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Circuit symbol Rangkaian simbol </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah <b>unijunction transistor (UJT)</b> adalah sebuah </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhixhz-DlgFo-I9p1kLVPrOI9dWv3g" title="Elektronik"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elektronik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh8NjEIDD6x1bJvk50JN3tEVwdWRg" title="Semikonduktor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">semikonduktor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> perangkat yang hanya memiliki satu persimpangan. The UJT mempunyai tiga terminal: suatu emiter (E) dan dua basa (B1 dan B2). Dasar dibentuk oleh doped ringan bar tipe-n silikon. Dua Ohmic kontak B1 dan B2 yang melekat pada ujung-ujungnya. The emitor adalah tipe-p dan itu sangat doped Perlawanan antara B1 dan B2, ketika emitor terbuka-sirkuit ini disebut Interbase perlawanan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada dua jenis <b>transistor unijunction:</b> </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transistor unijunction asli, atau UJT, adalah perangkat sederhana yang pada dasarnya adalah tipe N bar </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh8NjEIDD6x1bJvk50JN3tEVwdWRg" title="Semikonduktor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">semikonduktor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang material menjadi material tipe P telah tersebar di suatu tempat di sepanjang panjangnya, mendefinisikan perangkat parameter η. Yang 2N2646 adalah yang paling sering digunakan versi UJT. </span></li>
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</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unijunction programmable transistor,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau PUT, adalah sepupu dekat dengan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj7YbQmRoWcVL37X1tAXal1vVrqKg" title="Thyristor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thyristor.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Seperti thyristor itu terdiri dari empat lapisan PN dan memiliki </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjLPK4Rjs12GWUKkGmbVU4bHrhtMg" title="Anoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgMbmuXcLGOhd05JtiIImlGKby18A" title="Katoda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">katoda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terhubung ke pertama dan lapisan terakhir, dan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiTxl1QOjvmTFmsc2hxHnmdm_kdsA" title="Gate"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gerbang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terhubung ke salah satu lapisan batin. Mereka tidak langsung dapat dipertukarkan dengan UJTs konvensional tetapi melakukan fungsi yang sama. Dalam konfigurasi sirkuit yang layak dengan dua "pemrograman" resistor untuk menetapkan parameter η, mereka berperilaku seperti UJT konvensional. The 2N6027 adalah contoh dari perangkat. </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang UJT bias dengan tegangan positif antara dua basa. Ini menyebabkan penurunan potensial sepanjang perangkat. Ketika tegangan emitor didorong sekitar satu dioda tegangan di atas tegangan pada titik di mana P difusi (emitor) ini, arus akan mulai mengalir dari emitor ke basis daerah. Karena wilayah basis doped sangat ringan, saat ini tambahan (sebenarnya biaya di wilayah basis) menyebabkan </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConductivity_modulation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh9VmX7Xw_iN32a7RcEPiBI7SQoIw" title="Conductivity modulation (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">modulasi konduktivitas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mengurangi hambatan dari bagian dasar antara emitor dan terminal B2. Penurunan perlawanan berarti bahwa emitor bias lebih maju, dan bahkan lebih arus disuntikkan. Secara keseluruhan, efek adalah </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhji_CC8CyP9Dsq03bfRbIZgOSBeCA" title="Negatif perlawanan"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">resistansi negatif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di terminal emitor. Inilah yang membuat UJT berguna, terutama dalam rangkaian osilator sederhana. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unijunction sirkuit transistor hobi populer di sirkuit elektronik pada 1970-an dan awal 1980-an karena mereka diperbolehkan sederhana </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj5qDpFMDQHcZdphpg8viENrrFUgA" title="Osilator"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">osilator</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang akan dibangun dengan menggunakan hanya satu perangkat aktif. Kemudian, sebagai </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Circuits&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgXBkqEGF8rLWgaVapgYgDSLj9E9A" title="Integrated Circuits"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkuit Terpadu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi lebih populer, osilator seperti </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhuuNsSJb3LYlKVObwsfb4r1F8j9A" title="IC pewaktu 555"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IC pewaktu 555</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi lebih sering digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di samping digunakan sebagai perangkat aktif dalam </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhPx6Ro0wwRqC5NaTowyKYVa7QNAA" title="Osilator Relaksasi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">osilator relaksasi,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> salah satu aplikasi yang paling penting dari UJTs atau menempatkan adalah untuk memicu </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj7YbQmRoWcVL37X1tAXal1vVrqKg" title="Thyristor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thyristor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgseAt8TfhnT0xp-ULmQkmxepkJ-w" title="Penyearah terkendali silicon"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(SCR,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIAC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Did%26q%3DFUNGSI%2BUJT%26tq%3DFUNCTION%2BUJT%26sl%3Did%26tl%3Den&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhip74E_5lo5VNNbdHzDP61rWcT6Fw" title="TRIAC"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TRIAC,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dll). Bahkan, tegangan DC dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan sirkuit UJT atau PUT sedemikian rupa sehingga "pada periode" meningkat dengan meningkatnya kontrol tegangan DC. This application is important for large AC current control. Aplikasi ini penting untuk mengendalikan arus AC besar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-31473523375891672932012-02-16T22:11:00.001-08:002012-02-16T22:11:50.511-08:00PROSES DUPLIKASI CD<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Duplikasi CD </span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">CD zWhen pertama kali diperkenalkan, tidak terlalu banyak orang yang dibutuhkan untuk duplikasi CD. Namun, dalam beberapa tahun, hal-hal yang telah berubah sepenuhnya dan hari ini salah satu bahkan tidak bisa membayangkan bahwa ada waktu ketika tidak ada yang melakukan pekerjaan duplikasi CD. Untuk mengatakan bahwa jutaan orang di seluruh dunia saat ini melakukan pekerjaan duplikasi CD mungkin akan meremehkan. Mereka menyalin data, audio dan video ke CD. membakar CD dan proses duplikasi adalah bagian dari kehidupan sibuk sekarang hadir di dunia yang kompetitif.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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Mari kita turun ke aspek inti dan lihatlah bagaimana sebenarnya CD ini yang diduplikasi. Pertama-tama, kita perlu master. Ini adalah CD yang akan digandakan. Lalu, kebutuhan pertama adalah CD kosong dan yang akan menjadi salah satu yang akan menggandakan master ke. Anda tentu saja, perlu perangkat keras yang menyalin dilakukan, yang merupakan komputer tempat Anda akan perlu memiliki CD-RW atau DVD-RW. Hanya jika anda memiliki komputer lama yang tidak memiliki drive ini, Anda akan perlu membeli satu dan fit it in<br />
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Jika anda berpikir untuk membeli drive ini, mungkin akan bermanfaat untuk mendapatkan drive DVD-RW sehingga Anda dapat menyalin baik DVD dan CD. Anda juga dapat mengatur kecepatan yang Anda inginkan duplikasi Anda selesai. 4x adalah kecepatan paling lambat dan 48x adalah tercepat. Tidak semua drive bisa duplikat pada kecepatan sangat cepat namun. Jika drive Anda dapat melakukan kecepatan 48x, CD, Anda hanya akan mengambil beberapa menit untuk ditiru atau CD duplikator dapat membantu Anda dengan ini.<br />
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Jadi Anda punya DVD-RW atau CD RW. Anda punya master dan Anda punya CD yang perlu untuk melakukan pekerjaan duplikasi. Sekarang apa yang Anda butuhkan adalah perangkat lunak. Setelah menyelesaikan proses software-loading ke komputer Anda, yang harus Anda lakukan adalah untuk menjalankan perangkat lunak dan kemudian duplikasi disk diperlukan. Yang harus Anda lakukan adalah untuk memilih media dari menu yang Anda miliki di perangkat lunak Anda dan hanya membakar CD Anda. Hal yang besar adalah bahwa hal itu sangat mudah untuk belajar dan melakukan. Duplicating CD adalah seluruh banyak menyenangkan. Anda dapat menggunakannya untuk melakukan begitu banyak. Anda dapat membuat cadangan file Anda, Anda dapat menyimpan gambar Anda atau membuat CD foto seperti album untuk orang yang dicintai, dan Anda bisa menempatkannya pada musik atau klip video, apa saja. Apa pun yang Anda pilih untuk menduplikasi, Anda dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan akurasi yang lengkap.<br />
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Sangat yakin di atas garis akan menempatkan kalian semua di luar sana dalam perintah ketika datang ke proses duplikasi.<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Duplikasi CD ini sangat mirip dengan duplikasi sebuah kaset atau video. Dalam semua kasus Anda adalah duplikasi data pada media yang ada. Ada media adalah kuncinya. Tidak seperti replikasi CD, Anda memulai proses ini dengan disc CD-R pra-dibuat yang mampu menerima data direkam. Umumnya kompleksitas ini tetap disembunyikan dari pengguna dengan program ini, meskipun Anda harus menyadari faktor ini. Berikut adalah beberapa faktor utama yang terlibat dalam proses duplikasi CD. varietas yang berbeda-beda dari CD duplikator yang tersedia di pasar sesuai penggunaan disesuaikan dari pengguna akhir.<br />
Hard Disk Speed<br />
Untuk menulis foto ke CD, hard disk yang Anda menulis harus memiliki kecepatan transfer yang cukup cepat untuk menjaga buffer memori penuh perekam CD. Hal ini biasanya berarti disk akses waktu rata-rata 19 MS keras atau lebih baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengoperasikan Alat Perekaman menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem Komputer</span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Beberapa tahun yang lalu ada sebuah revolusi dalam teknologi rekaman<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Seperti komputer menjadi lebih kuat, mereka mulai menggantikan tape recorder tradisional yang menjadi jantung studio rekaman paling<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Hari ini, komputer yang dirancang untuk digunakan di rumah yang cukup kuat untuk meniru sebuah studio rekaman seluruh, dan dapat digunakan untuk segala sesuatu dari rekaman multitrack untuk editing audio dan musik scoring untuk video. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ini "demokratisasi" teknik rekaman telah membuka industri rekaman seluruh kepada siapa pun dengan software dan hardware yang tepat. Dengan perangkat lunak paket biaya beberapa ratus dolar dan interface audio berkualitas profesional biaya kurang dari $ 100, siapa pun dapat memiliki sebuah studio rekaman virtual di rumah mereka. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Beberapa nama besar di bidang rekaman audio Cubase, teknologi digital recording ProTools, Sonar dan Sound Forge. Masing-masing Digital Audio Workstation (Daws) dapat digunakan untuk merekam multi-track dan mengedit dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menggabungkan rekaman dengan "instrumen virtual". </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Instrumen virtual suara yang dihasilkan komputer yang dapat dimainkan melalui MIDI. Secara tradisional, MIDI digunakan untuk mengirim data musik ke perangkat keras seperti keyboard dan modul suara, tetapi komputer sekarang cukup kuat untuk meniru modul suara. Alih-alih mengaitkan up kabel ke perangkat eksternal untuk memutar trek MIDI, instrumen virtual dapat dimuat ke memori komputer untuk bermain semua jenis suara. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">MIDI track dapat dikombinasikan dengan track audio dan semuanya diputar kembali dalam sinkronisasi sempurna<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Semua trek dapat diproses dengan efek seperti reverb dan chorus, dan seluruh campuran dapat dikompresi untuk hasil terdengar profesional. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Meskipun profesional paket rekaman suara dapat cukup mahal, Anda bisa mendapatkan kaki Anda basah dengan mencoba salah satu program shareware yang tersedia. Mereka akan memungkinkan Anda untuk melihat kemampuan perekaman digital, dan jika Anda ingin mengembangkan minat Anda lebih lanjut Anda kemudian dapat membeli salah satu program profesional. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merawat Peralatan Rekaman</span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Pemeliharaan peralatan yang tepat adalah penting dalam bisnis. Itu selalu harus mengetahui bagaimana untuk melakukan tugas pemeliharaan rutin yang diperlukan untuk menjaga peralatan rekaman dalam kondisi operasi prima. Dalam menjalankan sebuah studio rekaman, pertimbangkan pemeliharaan untuk berjalan lebih lama. Tidak hanya dalam memelihara peralatan itu sendiri namun totalitas sistem. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Jauhkan peralatan rekaman dalam kondisi operasi prima adalah tujuan terbaik.<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Oleh karena itu selalu penting untuk mengetahui bagaimana untuk melakukan tugas pemeliharaan rutin. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Satu juga memerlukan pengetahuan praktis tentang desain studio dan akustik. Hal ini juga penting untuk mempelajari kegiatan yang berbeda seperti studio latihan di instalasi dan hook-up alat audio profesional. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Angsuran tepat dan Hook-up peralatan memiliki sesuatu untuk dilakukan dengan lebih lama yang dijalankan.<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Ini adalah suatu keharusan untuk memastikan bahwa peralatan dan aksesoris benar hook-up dan diinstal. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Selalu melihat dan memastikan bahwa multi-track, patch teluk dan gigi tempel, adalah dalam urutan yang tepat. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Mengetahui Teknis Gear Operasi berarti belajar penggunaan multimeter dan osiloskop, instrumen tes dasar untuk pemeliharaan audio. Anda harus akrab dulu dengan melakukan pengukuran elektronik sederhana untuk memastikan mereka memahami fungsi dan kontrol perangkat ini dan bagaimana untuk benar membaca menampilkan </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tahu Teknis Gear Operasi berarti belajar penggunaan multimeter dan osiloskop, instrumen tes dasar untuk pemeliharaan audio. </div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan Kerja pada Sistem Perekaman</span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perekaman_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perekaman suara (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black;">perekaman suara</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasi" title="Informasi"><span style="color: black;">informasi</span></a> suara disimpan secara linear pada kaset. Kemudian kaset bergerak melewati “kepala perekam” dan informasi suara tersebut diletakkan sebagai sebuah garis panjang yang mengikuti pergerakan pita kaset. Kaset ini dapat bergerak melewati kepala perekam tersebut dengan ukuran 2 sampai 3 inci (5 sampai 8 cm) per detik.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Sinyal video terdiri sekitar 500 kali lebih banyak informasi dibandingkan dengan sinyal bunyi, dikarenakan beberapa pendekatan pekerjaan tidak dapat dikerjakan oleh beberapa hal. Namun kaset harus tetap bergerak melewati kepala perekam tersebut beberapa kaki per detik. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, dua kepala perekam terorganisi bersama pada sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drum_putar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Drum putar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black;">drum putar</span></a> yang digerakkan kearah yang lebih tinggi dari posisi kaset.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-38371515050284397042012-02-16T22:10:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:10:43.079-08:00PENGERTIAN OPTIK<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New Laser Lens SF-P100 (13P) for VCD Player</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/401182399/New_Laser_Lens_SF_P100_13P/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/401182399/New_Laser_Lens_SF_P100_13P_for.jpg" border="0" height="200" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="250" /></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/401182399/New_Laser_Lens_SF_P100_13P/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See larger image: New Laser Lens SF-P100 (13P) for VCD Player</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rincian</span></b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Cepat</span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">Tempat</span> <span class="hps">Asal</span>: <span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan) <span class="hps">Nomor model</span>: <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>P100 <span class="hps">aplikasi</span>: <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">pemutar</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembungkus</span></b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Pengiriman</span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">Kemasan</span>: <span class="hps">kotak</span> <span class="hps">kertas</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">2-4</span> <span class="hps">hari</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spesifikasi</span></b></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>P100 <span class="hps">913P</span>) <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">Player</span><br />
<span class="hps">wit</span> <span class="hps">PCB</span> <span class="hps">kecil</span><br />
<span class="hps">kualitas tinggi</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Kami</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">salah satu</span> <span class="hps">perusahaan</span> <span class="hps">terkemuka di</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span>, <span class="hps">khusus</span> <span class="hps">dalam memproduksi semua</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span>, <span class="hps">PS1</span>, <span class="hps">PS2</span>, <span class="hps">PS3</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX360</span>, <span class="hps">WII</span>, <span class="hps">berikut</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">mode</span>,<br />
<span class="hps">PS</span> <span class="hps">440BAM</span> <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>KSM<span class="atn">-</span>440AEM<span class="atn">-</span>400H <span class="hps">PS</span><span class="atn">-</span>400Q <span class="hps">PVR</span><span class="atn">-</span>802W <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>430AAA <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KES</span><span class="atn">-</span>400AAA <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>420AAA <span class="hps">TOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>60 <span class="hps">SOH</span><span class="atn">-</span>D16 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD67 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD63 <span class="hps">HOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>141X <span class="hps">OPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>51 <span class="hps">RAE</span><span class="atn">-</span><span class="hps">3350</span> <span class="hps">ROMA</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><span class="atn">-</span>DVD<span class="atn">-</span>ROMB <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>210A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>240A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>150A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>213A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>710A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>711A,<br />
<span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>360AAA, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>542, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>620AAA, <span class="hps">3HW.M</span> <span class="hps">KCP</span><span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>4H <span class="hps">3H</span>, <span class="hps">DAX</span><span class="atn">-</span>11, <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">SF</span> <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8019, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8052, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>DWY1057, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>DA23, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD1, <span class="hps">-</span>HD3, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD6 <span class="hps">dan seterusnya</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Optical laser lens CDM12.1 for CD/VCD</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/367258985/Optical_laser_lens_CDM12_1_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/367258985/Optical_laser_lens_CDM12_1_for_CD.jpg" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="250" /></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/367258985/Optical_laser_lens_CDM12_1_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See larger image: Optical laser lens CDM12.1 for CD/VCD</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rincian Cepat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Tempat Asal: Cina (Daratan) Nama Merek Guangdong: CDM12.1 Nomor Model: SF-HD80<br />
Aplikasi: CD / VCD lensa laser</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembungkus & Pengiriman</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Detail Kemasan: kantong kertas<br />
Detail pengiriman 2-4 hari<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesifikasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Laser optik lensa CDM12.1 untuk CD / VCD<br />
asli, baru<br />
dengan mekanisme<br />
kualitas tinggi<br />
<br />
<br />
kami adalah salah satu perusahaan terkemuka di Cina, khusus dalam memproduksi semua jenis lensa laser untuk CD / VCD / DVD PS1, PS2, PS3, XBOX, XBOX360, WII, berikut adalah beberapa mode,<br />
PS 440BAM KSM-KSM-440AEM-400H PS-400Q PVR-802W SPU-3170 KHM-430AAA SPU-3170 KES-400AAA KHM-420AAA TOP-60 SOH-D16 SF-HD67 SF-HD63 HOP-141X OPU-51 RAE-3350 ROMA DVD-DVD-ROMB KSS-210A, KSS-240A, KSS-150A, KSS-213A, KSS-710A, KSS-711A,<br />
KSM-360AAA, KSM-542, KSM-620AAA, 3HW.M KCP-KCP-KCP-4H 3H, DAX-11, - SF </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CXX-ONP8019, CXX-ONP8052, CXX-DWY1057, SF-DA23, SF-HD1, -HD3, SF-HD6 dan seterusnya</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="MLP-10 FOR CD DVD.jpg" border="0" height="333" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="384" /></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="hps"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Item</span></b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span class="hps">spesifik</span><br />
<br />
</span></b><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span class="hps">Asal</span>:<br />
<span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan)<br />
<br />
<span class="hps"><b>Nomor model</b></span>:<br />
<span class="hps">MLP10</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps"><b>Merek</b></span><b> <span class="hps">Nama</span>:</b><br />
<span class="hps">MLP</span><span class="atn">-</span>10<br />
<br />
<span class="hps"><b>fungsi</b></span><b>:<br />
</b> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><br />
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<br />
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<h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">optical lens OPT-6 for CD/VCD</span></h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="OPT-6.jpg" border="0" height="274" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="365" /></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="hps"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rincian</span></b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span class="hps">Cepat</span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<span class="hps">Nomor model</span>: <span class="hps">OPT</span><span class="atn">-</span>6 <span class="hps">Tempat</span> <span class="hps">Asal</span>: <span class="hps">China</span> <span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan)</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembungkus & Pengiriman</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Detail Kemasan: paket baik disimpan<br />
Pengiriman 2-3 hari Detail<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesifikasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
lensa laser / OPT-6 untuk CD / VCD<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">original laser lens SOH-AAV for VCD/CD,Good service ,Fast delivery </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="SOH-AAV1.jpg" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="250" /></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="SOH-AAV.jpg" border="0" height="188" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="273" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Item spesifik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
Tempat Asal:<br />
Guangdong Cina (Daratan)<br />
<br />
<b>Nomor model:</b><br />
SOH-AAV<br />
<br />
<b>fungsi:</b><br />
untuk CD / VCD</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deskripsi<br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
LASER LENS CD DVD (SOH-AAV)<br />
<br />
<b>Fitur:</b><br />
LASER LENS CD DVD (soh-AAV)<br />
1.High kualitas<br />
Harga 2.Competitive<br />
3.good layanan<br />
4.Fast pengiriman</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">New 100% optical laser lens KSS-540A for VCD/CD, repaired part </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="KSS-540A,.jpg" border="0" height="215" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="286" /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Item spesifik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<b>Tempat Asal:</b><br />
Guangdong Cina (Daratan)<br />
<br />
<b>Nomor model:</b><br />
KSS-540A<br />
<br />
<b>Merek Nama:</b><br />
KSS-540A<br />
<br />
<b>fungsi:</b><br />
CD / VCD laser lensa</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deskripsi<br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KSS-540A,. jpg<br />
<br />
<b>Fitur:</b><br />
Laser kepala untuk mobil DVD (KSS-540A)<br />
1.High kualitas<br />
Harga 2.Competitive<br />
3.good layanan<br />
4.Fast pengiriman<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://img.alibaba.com/wsphoto/v0/324490419/New-100-optical-laser-lens-KSS-540A-for-VCD-CD-repaired-part.jpg" border="0" height="224" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="299" /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><h1><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></h1><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Original laser lens CDM-4 for CD/VCD, hot selling,high quality, good package </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Item</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">spesifik</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Tempat</span> <span class="hps">Asal</span>:<br />
<span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan)<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Nomor model</span>:<br />
<span class="hps">CDM</span><span class="atn">-</span>4<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Merek</span> <span class="hps">Nama</span>:<br />
<span class="hps">SAMSONG</span>, <span class="hps">SANYO</span>, <span class="hps">SHARP</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">fungsi</span>:<br />
<span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Deskripsi</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Laser</span> <span class="hps">optik</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">CDM</span><span class="atn">-</span>4 <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><br />
<span class="hps">dijamin</span> <span class="hps">100</span>% <span class="hps">asli</span><br />
<span class="hps">kedua</span><span class="atn">-</span>tangan<br />
<span class="hps">kualitas tinggi</span><br />
<span class="hps">membaca</span> <span class="hps">cd</span> <span class="hps">dengan baik</span> <span class="hps">sering</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">paket</span>: <span class="hps">kantong</span> <span class="hps">plastik</span> <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">sisi</span>, <span class="hps">maka</span> <span class="hps">kantong</span> <span class="hps">kertas</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">baik</span> <span class="hps">ditempatkan</span> <span class="hps">paket</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="CDM4-face.jpg" border="0" height="191" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="329" /></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
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</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Optical laser lens SF-HD60 for DVD</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/367255694/Optical_laser_lens_SF_HD60_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/367255694/Optical_laser_lens_SF_HD60_for_DVD.jpg" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" width="250" /></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/367255694/Optical_laser_lens_SF_HD60_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See larger image: Optical laser lens SF-HD60 for DVD</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><form> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rincian</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Cepat</span><br />
<span class="hps">Tempat</span> <span class="hps">Asal</span>: <span class="hps">China</span> <span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan) <span class="hps">Nama</span> <span class="hps">Merek</span>: <span class="hps">SANYO</span> <span class="hps">Model</span> <span class="hps">Number</span>: <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD60<br />
<span class="hps">Aplikasi</span>: <span class="hps">DVD</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">laser</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembungkus</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Pengiriman</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">Kemasan</span>: <span class="hps">kantong</span> <span class="hps">kertas</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">2-4</span> <span class="hps">hari</span><br />
<span class="hps">Spesifikasi</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Laser</span> <span class="hps">optik</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD60 <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><br />
<span class="hps">asli</span>, <span class="hps">baru</span><br />
<span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">mekanisme</span><br />
<span class="hps">kualitas tinggi</span><br />
<span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">cepat</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Laser</span> <span class="hps">optik</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD60 <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><br />
<span class="hps">asli</span><br />
<span class="hps">baru</span><br />
<span class="hps">kualitas tinggi</span><br />
<span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">cepat</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">kami adalah</span> <span class="hps">salah satu</span> <span class="hps">perusahaan</span> <span class="hps">terkemuka</span> <span class="hps">di Cina</span>, <span class="hps">khusus</span> <span class="hps">dalam memproduksi semua</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span>, <span class="hps">PS1</span>, <span class="hps">PS2</span>, <span class="hps">PS3</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX360</span>, <span class="hps">WII</span>, <span class="hps">berikut</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">mode</span>,<br />
<span class="hps">PS</span> <span class="hps">440BAM</span> <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>KSM<span class="atn">-</span>440AEM<span class="atn">-</span>400H <span class="hps">PS</span><span class="atn">-</span>400Q <span class="hps">PVR</span><span class="atn">-</span>802W <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>430AAA <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KES</span><span class="atn">-</span>400AAA <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>420AAA <span class="hps">TOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>60 <span class="hps">SOH</span><span class="atn">-</span>D16 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD67 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD63 <span class="hps">HOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>141X <span class="hps">OPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>51 <span class="hps">RAE</span><span class="atn">-</span><span class="hps">3350</span> <span class="hps">ROMA</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><span class="atn">-</span>DVD<span class="atn">-</span>ROMB <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>210A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>240A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>150A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>213A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>710A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>711A,<br />
<span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>360AAA, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>542, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>620AAA, <span class="hps">3HW.M</span> <span class="hps">KCP</span><span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>4H <span class="hps">3H</span>, <span class="hps">DAX</span><span class="atn">-</span>11, <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">SF</span> <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8019, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8052, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>DWY1057, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>DA23, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD1, <span class="hps">-</span>HD3, SF<span class="atn">-</span>HD6, dan <span class="hps">sebagainya</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">OPTIMA-5 laser lens for CD/VCD</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/375756384/OPTIMA_5_laser_lens_for_CD/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/375756384/OPTIMA_5_laser_lens_for_CD_VCD.jpg" border="0" height="250" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="243" /></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/375756384/OPTIMA_5_laser_lens_for_CD/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See larger image: OPTIMA-5 laser lens for CD/VCD</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rincian Cepat<br />
Nomor model: OPTIMA-5 Tempat Asal: Guangdong Cina (Daratan) aplikasi: CD / VCD lensa Laser</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembungkus</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Pengiriman</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">Kemasan</span>: <span class="hps">kotak</span> <span class="hps">kertas</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">2-4</span> <span class="hps">hari</span><br />
<span class="hps">Spesifikasi</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">OPTIMA</span><span class="atn">-</span>5 <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Kami</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">salah satu</span> <span class="hps">perusahaan</span> <span class="hps">terkemuka di</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span>, <span class="hps">khusus</span> <span class="hps">dalam memproduksi semua</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span>, <span class="hps">PS1</span>, <span class="hps">PS2</span>, <span class="hps">PS3</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX360</span>, <span class="hps">WII</span>, <span class="hps">berikut</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">mode</span>,<br />
<span class="hps">440BAM</span> <span class="hps">PS</span> <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>KSM<span class="atn">-</span>440AEM<span class="atn">-</span>400H <span class="hps">PS</span><span class="atn">-</span>400Q <span class="hps">PVR</span><span class="atn">-</span>802W <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>430AAA <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KES</span><span class="atn">-</span>400AAA <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>420AAA <span class="hps">TOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>60 <span class="hps">SOH</span><span class="atn">-</span>D16 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD67 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD63 <span class="hps">HOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>141X <span class="hps">OPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>51 <span class="hps">RAE</span><span class="atn">-</span><span class="hps">3350</span> <span class="hps">ROMA</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><span class="atn">-</span>DVD<span class="atn">-</span>ROMB <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>210A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>240A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>150A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>213A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>710A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>711A,<br />
<span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>360AAA, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>542, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>620AAA, <span class="hps">3HW.M</span> <span class="hps">KCP</span><span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>4H <span class="hps">3H</span>, <span class="hps">DAX</span><span class="atn">-</span>11, <span class="hps">- SF</span> <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8019, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8052, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>DWY1057, SF<span class="atn">-</span>DA23, SF<span class="atn">-</span>HD1, <span class="hps">-</span>HD3, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD6 <span class="hps">dan seterusnya</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">New laser lens OPTIMA-5 for CD/VCD</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/375758324/New_laser_lens_OPTIMA_5_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/375758324/New_laser_lens_OPTIMA_5_for_CD.jpg" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="250" /></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/375758324/New_laser_lens_OPTIMA_5_for/showimage.html"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See larger image: New laser lens OPTIMA-5 for CD/VCD</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rincian</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Cepat</span><br />
<span class="hps">Nomor model</span>: <span class="hps">OPTIMA</span><span class="atn">-</span>5 <span class="hps">Tempat</span> <span class="hps">Asal</span>: <span class="hps">Guangdong</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Daratan) <span class="hps">aplikasi</span>: <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/ VCD</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">Laser</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembungkus</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Pengiriman</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">Kemasan</span>: <span class="hps">kotak</span> <span class="hps">kertas</span><br />
<span class="hps">Detail</span> <span class="hps">pengiriman</span> <span class="hps">2-4</span> <span class="hps">hari</span><br />
<span class="hps">Spesifikasi</span><br />
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<span class="hps">OPTIMA</span><span class="atn">-</span>5 <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span><br />
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<span class="hps">Kami</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">salah satu</span> <span class="hps">perusahaan</span> <span class="hps">terkemuka di</span> <span class="hps">Cina</span>, <span class="hps">khusus</span> <span class="hps">dalam memproduksi semua</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">lensa</span> <span class="hps">laser</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">CD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">VCD</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span>, <span class="hps">PS1</span>, <span class="hps">PS2</span>, <span class="hps">PS3</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX</span>, <span class="hps">XBOX360</span>, <span class="hps">WII</span>, <span class="hps">berikut</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">mode</span>,<br />
<span class="hps">440BAM</span> <span class="hps">PS</span> <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>KSM<span class="atn">-</span>440AEM<span class="atn">-</span>400H <span class="hps">PS</span><span class="atn">-</span>400Q <span class="hps">PVR</span><span class="atn">-</span>802W <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>430AAA <span class="hps">SPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>3170 <span class="hps">KES</span><span class="atn">-</span>400AAA <span class="hps">KHM</span><span class="atn">-</span>420AAA <span class="hps">TOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>60 <span class="hps">SOH</span><span class="atn">-</span>D16 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD67 <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD63 <span class="hps">HOP</span><span class="atn">-</span>141X <span class="hps">OPU</span><span class="atn">-</span>51 <span class="hps">RAE</span><span class="atn">-</span><span class="hps">3350</span> <span class="hps">ROMA</span> <span class="hps">DVD</span><span class="atn">-</span>DVD<span class="atn">-</span>ROMB <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>210A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>240A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>150A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>213A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>710A, <span class="hps">KSS</span><span class="atn">-</span>711A,<br />
<span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>360AAA, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>542, <span class="hps">KSM</span><span class="atn">-</span>620AAA, <span class="hps">3HW.M</span> <span class="hps">KCP</span><span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>KCP<span class="atn">-</span>4H <span class="hps">3H</span>, <span class="hps">DAX</span><span class="atn">-</span>11, <span class="hps">- SF</span> <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8019, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>ONP8052, <span class="hps">CXX</span><span class="atn">-</span>DWY1057, SF<span class="atn">-</span>DA23, SF<span class="atn">-</span>HD1, <span class="hps">-</span>HD3, <span class="hps">SF</span><span class="atn">-</span>HD6 <span class="hps">dan seterusnya</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div></form>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-28280273815227045832012-02-16T22:09:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:09:13.783-08:00OPTICAL DISK DRIVE<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Optical disk drive </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asus_CD-ROM_drive.jpg&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiFCQpIFS6UhjUBNO6Ot293S5yceQ" title="Memperbesar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A CD-ROM Drive</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebuah Drive CD-ROM </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDRom.png&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgFgLxo8v5ZxPH47rvcOHIRv-5geA" title="Memperbesar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A CD-ROM Drive (without case)</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebuah Drive CD-ROM (tanpa kasus) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_drive_lens.JPG&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg59hWAmpOB1YxKylFSttPmzO416A"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The CD/DVD drive lens on an Acer laptop</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> CD / DVD drive lensa pada laptop Acer </span></div><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj-YCyUYb9ffR6XF1wFQ-6B623UIg" title="Komputasi">computing</a> , an <b>optical disc drive</b> ( <b>ODD</b> ) is a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhYFmTL-8FCqHqgFpiSHs8zz7GFYg" title="Disk drive">disk drive</a> that uses <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJkaQ3SgEDOUwIm-_9aaJal8O_7A" title="Laser">laser</a> light or electromagnetic waves near the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_spectrum&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhheKaun4DLxqL89E89yRTm98F3pug" title="Spektrum cahaya">light spectrum</a> as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg17TMXRD5Yi4SEQcnEmw--rOhpow" title="Optical disk">optical discs</a> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Dalam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj-YCyUYb9ffR6XF1wFQ-6B623UIg" title="Komputasi">komputasi</a> , sebuah <b>optical disc drive (ODD)</b> adalah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhYFmTL-8FCqHqgFpiSHs8zz7GFYg" title="Disk drive">disk drive</a> yang menggunakan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJkaQ3SgEDOUwIm-_9aaJal8O_7A" title="Laser">laser</a> cahaya atau gelombang elektromagnetik di dekat <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_spectrum&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhheKaun4DLxqL89E89yRTm98F3pug" title="Spektrum cahaya">spektrum cahaya</a> sebagai bagian dari proses membaca atau menulis data ke atau dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg17TMXRD5Yi4SEQcnEmw--rOhpow" title="Optical disk">cakram optik</a> . <span class="google-src-text">Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both <b>readers</b> and <b>recorders</b> .</span> Beberapa drive hanya dapat membaca dari disk, tapi drive terbaru yang umumnya baik <b>pembaca</b> dan <b>perekam.</b> <span class="google-src-text">Recorders are sometimes called <b>burners</b> or <b>writers</b> . <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiIu8swEsqIgRBouHOdzR2QTieXcg" title="Cakra padat">Compact discs</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhxzz2Z3FgDZyEH45DuMuviFzagDw" title="DVD">DVDs</a> , and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiGyBYHAztxsMAcoxLgu3YmMgESdQ" title="Blu-ray disc">Blu-ray discs</a> are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.</span> Perekam kadang-kadang disebut <b>pembakar</b> atau <b>penulis.</b> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiIu8swEsqIgRBouHOdzR2QTieXcg" title="Cakra padat">Compact disc</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhxzz2Z3FgDZyEH45DuMuviFzagDw" title="DVD">DVD</a> , dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_disc&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiGyBYHAztxsMAcoxLgu3YmMgESdQ" title="Blu-ray disc">Blu-ray disk</a> adalah jenis umum media optik yang dapat dibaca dan direkam oleh drive tersebut. </span><br />
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<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Optical disc drives are an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such as <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhaL0QD5KvspWJipaaes69MHDq5Eg" title="CD player">CD players</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj0a8BjIiSEXSgf4UMqeDdvYTvfoQ" title="DVD player">DVD players</a> and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recorder&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjDnEFefQAllsOpnPb4HF0nL7DGig" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorders</a> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> disk drive optik merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari konsumen sendiri peralatan-berdiri seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhaL0QD5KvspWJipaaes69MHDq5Eg" title="CD player">CD player</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj0a8BjIiSEXSgf4UMqeDdvYTvfoQ" title="DVD player">pemutar DVD</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recorder&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjDnEFefQAllsOpnPb4HF0nL7DGig" title="DVD recorder">perekam DVD</a> . <span class="google-src-text">They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed in disc form, and to record discs for archival and data exchange.</span> Mereka juga sangat umum digunakan dalam komputer untuk membaca media perangkat lunak dan konsumen didistribusikan dalam bentuk CD, dan untuk merekam cakram untuk arsip dan pertukaran data. <span class="google-src-text">Optical drives—along with <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKGX6e4wdKUAVh7mUdrQ3D5BW7VA" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> —have mostly displaced <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg53iEuqUHXhu3ENUs-viVVqJTXHg" title="Floppy disk drive">floppy disk drives</a> and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiL18dhRYOmOtZ0slhuHE9tjJqW5Q" title="Tape drive">magnetic tape drives</a> for this purpose because of the low cost of optical media and the near-ubiquity of optical drives in computers and consumer entertainment hardware.</span> Optical drive-bersama dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKGX6e4wdKUAVh7mUdrQ3D5BW7VA" title="Flash memory">memori flash</a> -sebagian besar telah mengungsi <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg53iEuqUHXhu3ENUs-viVVqJTXHg" title="Floppy disk drive">drive floppy disk</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiL18dhRYOmOtZ0slhuHE9tjJqW5Q" title="Tape drive">tape drive magnetik</a> untuk tujuan ini karena biaya rendah media optik dan di mana-mana-dekat optical drive di komputer dan hiburan perangkat keras konsumen. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Disc recording is generally restricted to small-scale backup and distribution, being slower and more materially expensive per unit than the moulding process used to mass-manufacture pressed discs.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Rekaman umumnya dibatasi untuk cadangan skala kecil dan distribusi, menjadi lebih lambat dan lebih mahal material per unit dari proses pencetakan yang digunakan untuk memproduksi massal cakram ditekan. </span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Laser and optics</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">Laser dan optik</span> </span></h2><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The most important part of an optical disc drive is an <i>optical path</i> , placed in a <i>pickup head</i> ( <i>PUH</i> ), <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-dvd-0"><sup>[ 1 ]</sup></a> usually consisting of semiconductor <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJkaQ3SgEDOUwIm-_9aaJal8O_7A" title="Laser">laser</a> , a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhkjXOKc2SD7802Va6xBHysASLckg" title="Lensa (optik)">lens</a> for guiding the laser beam, and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhGg_6TDhhC3Ho3qR-Na1wmPg09QQ" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> detecting the light reflection from disc's surface. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-cd-1"><sup>[ 2 ]</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Yang penting sebagian besar dari disc drive optik adalah <i>jalur optik,</i> ditempatkan di <i>kepala pickup (Puh),</i> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-dvd-0"><sup>[1]</sup></a> biasanya terdiri dari semikonduktor <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJkaQ3SgEDOUwIm-_9aaJal8O_7A" title="Laser">laser</a> , sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhkjXOKc2SD7802Va6xBHysASLckg" title="Lensa (optik)">lensa</a> untuk mengarahkan sinar laser, dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhGg_6TDhhC3Ho3qR-Na1wmPg09QQ" title="Photodiode">dioda</a> mendeteksi pantulan cahaya dari itu permukaan disk. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-cd-1"><sup>[2]</sup></a> </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Initially, CAT lasers with a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi6AxpToUFYHUMRryESiVHlKF85rw" title="Panjang gelombang">wavelength</a> of 780 nm were used, being within infrared range.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Awalnya, CAT laser dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi6AxpToUFYHUMRryESiVHlKF85rw" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> dari 780 nm digunakan, sedang dalam jangkauan inframerah. <span class="google-src-text">For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm (red color), and the wavelength for Blu-Ray Disc was reduced to 405 nm (violet color).</span> Untuk DVD, panjang gelombang berkurang menjadi 650 nm (warna merah), dan panjang gelombang untuk Blu-Ray Disc dikurangi menjadi 405 nm (warna ungu). </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Two main <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKzk_4d_tmiTp3jHYudzC78V6mTw" title="Servomechanism">servomechanisms</a> are used, the first one to maintain a correct distance between lens and disc, and ensure the laser beam is focused on a small <i>laser spot</i> on the disc.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Dua utama <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKzk_4d_tmiTp3jHYudzC78V6mTw" title="Servomechanism">servomechanisms</a> digunakan, yang pertama untuk menjaga jarak yang benar antara lensa dan disc, dan memastikan sinar laser difokuskan pada <i>laser spot</i> kecil pada disk. <span class="google-src-text">The second servo moves a head along the disc's radius, keeping the beam on a <i>groove</i> , a continuous spiral data path.</span> Servo bergerak kedua kepala sepanjang radius disk, menjaga balok pada <i>alur,</i> jalur data kontinu spiral. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">On <i>read only media</i> (ROM), during the manufacturing process the groove, made of <i>pits</i> , is pressed on a flat surface, called <i>land</i> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Di <i>media hanya membaca</i> (ROM), selama proses pembuatan alur, terbuat dari <i>lubang,</i> yang ditekan pada permukaan yang datar, <i>tanah</i> yang disebut. <span class="google-src-text">Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the laser's wavelength, the reflected beam's phase is shifted in relation to the incoming reading beam, causing mutual destructive <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_%28wave_propagation%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjGzFABlIXovHTkhoC6b5_9sgD6rw" title="Interferensi (propagasi gelombang)">interference</a> and reducing the reflected beam's intensity.</span> Karena kedalaman lubang sekitar satu-0:45 seperenam dari panjang gelombang laser, tercermin's balok fase ini bergeser dalam kaitannya dengan membaca berkas yang masuk, menyebabkan saling merusak <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_%28wave_propagation%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjGzFABlIXovHTkhoC6b5_9sgD6rw" title="Interferensi (propagasi gelombang)">gangguan</a> dan mengurangi tercermin's balok intensitas. <span class="google-src-text">This is detected by photodiodes that output electrical signals.</span> Hal ini terdeteksi oleh foto dioda yang sinyal output listrik. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A recorder encodes (or <i>burns</i> ) data onto a recordable <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD+R</a> , or <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R</a> disc (called a <i>blank</i> ) by selectively heating parts of an organic <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiEmel9JY2L5ukM2HDU4ocP8-zdxg" title="Pewarna">dye</a> layer with a laser <sup>[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhm10aCXP8kgNX22jbNCRx5i3GY9A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> encode perekam A (atau <i>luka bakar)</i> data ke recordable <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD + R</a> , atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R</a> disc (disebut <i>kosong)</i> dengan selektif pemanasan bagian dari suatu organik <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiEmel9JY2L5ukM2HDU4ocP8-zdxg" title="Pewarna">dye</a> layer dengan laser <sup>[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhm10aCXP8kgNX22jbNCRx5i3GY9A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a> ].</sup> <span class="google-src-text">This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits and lands on pressed discs.</span> Ini mengubah reflektifitas zat warna, sehingga menciptakan tanda yang bisa dibaca seperti lubang-lubang dan tanah di disk ditekan. <span class="google-src-text">For recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to only once.</span> Untuk disc recordable, proses adalah permanen dan media dapat ditulis hanya sekali. <span class="google-src-text">While the reading laser is usually not stronger than 5 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhir9KgwCY4oCgN4dHaVM3BW5wD2bw" title="Watt">mW</a> , the writing laser is considerably more powerful.</span> Sedangkan laser membaca biasanya tidak lebih kuat dari 5 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhir9KgwCY4oCgN4dHaVM3BW5wD2bw" title="Watt">mW</a> , laser menulis adalah jauh lebih kuat. <span class="google-src-text">The higher writing speed, the less time a laser has to heat a point on the media, thus its power has to increase proportionally.</span> Kecepatan menulis lebih tinggi, semakin sedikit waktu laser harus panas titik pada media, sehingga kekuatannya telah meningkat secara proporsional. <span class="google-src-text">DVD burners' lasers often peak at about 200 mW, either in continuous wave and pulses, although some have been driven up to 400 mW before the diode fails.</span> DVD burner 'sering puncak di sekitar 200 mW laser, baik dalam gelombang kontinyu dan kacang-kacangan, walaupun beberapa telah didorong sampai dengan 400 mW sebelum dioda gagal. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For rewritable <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD+RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWnEtQOqgzNMf8ujzb4MsLS0oHgw" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a> , or <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE</a> media, the laser is used to melt a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjiuYfrJ6NUtGef5ZLkBQE39rRo6Q" title="Kristal">crystalline</a> metal <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjs_bJR1FKcY72GLFJ_AiCVzCxFXQ" title="Campuran">alloy</a> in the recording layer of the disc.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Untuk rewritable <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD + RW</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWnEtQOqgzNMf8ujzb4MsLS0oHgw" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a> , atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE</a> media, laser digunakan untuk melelehkan sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjiuYfrJ6NUtGef5ZLkBQE39rRo6Q" title="Kristal">kristal</a> logam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjs_bJR1FKcY72GLFJ_AiCVzCxFXQ" title="Campuran">paduan</a> pada lapisan perekaman dari disk. <span class="google-src-text">Depending on the amount of power applied, the substance may be allowed to melt back (change the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_change&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjhLcZu87i7zxhs-cWcmamB57w46A" title="Tahap perubahan">phase</a> back) into crystalline form or left in an <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhYM3y8ndK0VWL27FJ_23k8owYfUQ" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> form, enabling marks of varying reflectivity to be created.</span> Tergantung pada jumlah daya yang digunakan, substansi mungkin diperbolehkan untuk mencairkan kembali (perubahan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_change&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjhLcZu87i7zxhs-cWcmamB57w46A" title="Tahap perubahan">fasa</a> kembali) ke dalam bentuk kristal atau kiri dalam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhYM3y8ndK0VWL27FJ_23k8owYfUQ" title="Amorphous">amorf</a> bentuk, memungkinkan tanda dari berbagai reflektifitas yang akan dibuat. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Double-sided</span></i></span><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> media may be used, but they are not easily accessed with a standard drive, as they must be physically turned over to access the data on the other side.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Double-sided</i> media dapat digunakan, tetapi mereka tidak mudah diakses dengan drive standar, karena mereka harus secara fisik diserahkan kepada mengakses data di sisi lain. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Double layer</span></i></span><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (DL) media have two independent data layers separated by a semi-reflective layer.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Double layer</i> (DL) media memiliki dua lapisan data independen yang dipisahkan oleh sebuah lapisan semi-reflektif. <span class="google-src-text">Both layers are accessible from the same side, but require the optics to change the laser's focus.</span> Kedua lapisan dapat diakses dari sisi yang sama, tetapi memerlukan optik untuk mengubah fokus laser. <span class="google-src-text">Traditional <i>single layer</i> (SL) writable media are produced with a spiral groove molded in the protective polycarbonate layer (not in the data recording layer), to lead and synchronize the speed of recording head.</span> <i>single layer</i> Tradisional (SL) media dapat ditulis diproduksi dengan alur spiral dibentuk di lapisan polycarbonate pelindung (tidak dalam lapisan pencatatan data), untuk memimpin dan melakukan sinkronisasi kecepatan perekaman kepala. <span class="google-src-text">Double-layered writable media have: a first polycarbonate layer with a (shallow) groove, a first data layer, a semi-reflective layer, a second (spacer) polycarbonate layer with another (deep) groove, and a second data layer.</span> media dapat ditulis Double-lapis memiliki: lapisan polikarbonat pertama dengan alur (dangkal), lapisan data pertama, lapisan semi-reflektif, lapisan (spacer) kedua polikarbonat dengan alur yang lain (dalam), dan lapisan data kedua. <span class="google-src-text">The first groove spiral usually starts on the inner edge and extends outwards, while the second groove starts on the outer edge and extends inwards.</span> Spiral alur pertama biasanya dimulai pada tepi dalam dan meluas keluar, sedangkan mulai alur kedua di tepi luar dan meluas ke dalam. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Some drives support <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhmokNT6nw69W1ZHzhjZUhoHsppkA" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> 's <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightScribe&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiODaVkrUE5vh_7P8cSwqRZwLEZSw" title="LightScribe">LightScribe</a> photothermal printing technology for labeling specially coated discs.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Beberapa drive dukungan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhmokNT6nw69W1ZHzhjZUhoHsppkA" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> 's <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightScribe&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiODaVkrUE5vh_7P8cSwqRZwLEZSw" title="LightScribe">LightScribe</a> teknologi pencetakan fotothermal untuk label khusus cakram dilapisi. </span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rotational mechanism</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">mekanisme putaran</span> </span></h2><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Optical drives' rotational mechanism differs considerably from hard disk drives', in that the latter keep a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjw7VtmlUVhw6ao1EiNVI2DuwejLA" title="Kecepatan sudut konstan">constant angular velocity</a> (CAV), in other words a constant number of <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiYybVBePboNfpgTeYMKUm4xtqQJA" title="Putaran per menit">revolutions per minute</a> (RPM).</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Optical drive 'mekanisme rotasi berbeda jauh dari hard disk drive', dalam bahwa yang terakhir menjaga <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjw7VtmlUVhw6ao1EiNVI2DuwejLA" title="Kecepatan sudut konstan">kecepatan sudut konstan</a> (CAV), dengan kata lain sejumlah konstan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiYybVBePboNfpgTeYMKUm4xtqQJA" title="Putaran per menit">putaran per menit</a> (RPM). <span class="google-src-text">With CAV, a higher <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjYSjkyJe9xMkbVzovCVpjN9WtFwA" title="Throughput">throughput</a> is generally achievable at an outer disc area, as compared to inner area.</span> Dengan CAV, lebih tinggi <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjYSjkyJe9xMkbVzovCVpjN9WtFwA" title="Throughput">throughput</a> umumnya dicapai pada daerah disk luar, dibandingkan dengan daerah dalam. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">On the other hand, optical drives were developed with an assumption of achieving a constant throughput, in CD drives initially equal to 150 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiB&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJQRAeuFEy435Wi-mmaf-lpmD8yw" title="KIB">KiB</a> /s.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Di sisi lain, drive optik dikembangkan dengan asumsi mencapai throughput konstan, dalam drive CD pada awalnya sebesar 150 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiB&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhJQRAeuFEy435Wi-mmaf-lpmD8yw" title="KIB">KiB</a> / s. <span class="google-src-text">It was a feature important for streaming <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi-_ySXGMjl3CcKxNikchsOdRfvLg" title="Suara">audio</a> data that always tend to require a constant <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhil8MhM30VXOxoyterrIwlqWBayAQ" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> .</span> Ini merupakan fitur penting untuk streaming <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi-_ySXGMjl3CcKxNikchsOdRfvLg" title="Suara">audio</a> data yang selalu cenderung membutuhkan sebuah konstanta <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhil8MhM30VXOxoyterrIwlqWBayAQ" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> . <span class="google-src-text">But to ensure no disc capacity is wasted, a head had to transfer data at a maximum linear rate at all times too, without slowing on the outer rim of disc.</span> Tetapi untuk memastikan tidak ada kapasitas disk yang terbuang, kepala harus mentransfer data pada tingkat linear maksimum setiap saat juga, tanpa memperlambat pada tepi luar dari disk. <span class="google-src-text">This had led to optical drives—until recently—operating with a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiV0JO9eBm24JmGndeVzzhn5eMzog" title="Konstan kecepatan linier">constant linear velocity</a> (CLV).</span> Hal ini telah menyebabkan optik drive-sampai saat ini-yang beroperasi dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiV0JO9eBm24JmGndeVzzhn5eMzog" title="Konstan kecepatan linier">kecepatan linier konstan</a> (CLV). <span class="google-src-text">The spiral <i>groove</i> of the disc passed under its <i>head</i> at a constant speed.</span> <i>Alur</i> spiral disk lewat di bawah <i>kepalanya</i> pada kecepatan konstan. <span class="google-src-text">Of course the implication of CLV, as opposed to CAV, is that disc <i>angular</i> velocity is no longer constant, and spindle motor need to be designed to vary speed between 200 RPM on the outer rim and 500 RPM on the inner rim.</span> Tentu saja implikasi dari CLV, sebagai lawan CAV, adalah bahwa <i>sudut</i> kecepatan disk tidak lagi konstan, dan motor spindle perlu dirancang untuk kecepatan bervariasi antara 200 RPM pada tepi luar dan 500 RPM pada tepi bagian dalam. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Later CD drives kept the CLV paradigm, but evolved to achieve higher rotational speeds, popularly described in multiples of a <i>base speed</i> .</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Kemudian CD drive menyimpan paradigma CLV, tapi berevolusi untuk mencapai kecepatan rotasi yang lebih tinggi, yang populer dijelaskan dalam kelipatan <i>kecepatan basis.</i> <span class="google-src-text">As a result, a 4X drive, for instance, would rotate at 800-2000 RPM, while transferring data steadily at 600 KiB/s, which is equal to 4 x 150 KiB/s.</span> Akibatnya, drive 4X, misalnya, akan memutar di 800-2000 RPM, sedangkan mentransfer data terus di 600 / s KiB, yang sama dengan 4 x 150 KiB / s. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For DVD base speed, or "1x speed", is 1.385 MB/s, equal to 1.32 MiB/s, approximately 9 times faster than CD's base speed.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Untuk kecepatan dasar DVD, atau "kecepatan 1x", adalah 1,385 MB / s, sama dengan 1,32 / s MiB, sekitar 9 kali lebih cepat dari kecepatan dasar CD. <span class="google-src-text">For Blu-ray drive base speed is 6.74 MB/s, equal to 6.43 MiB/s.</span> Untuk Blu-ray drive kecepatan dasar adalah 6,74 MB / s, sebesar 6,43 MiB / s. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There are mechanical limits to how quickly a disc can be spun.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ada batas mekanik untuk seberapa cepat disk bisa berputar. <span class="google-src-text">Beyond a certain rate of rotation, around 10000 RPM, centrifugal stress can cause the disc plastic to <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhQnzhrpZlRzc_8qeosIGSK09uv5Q" title="Creep (deformasi)">creep</a> and possibly <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shattering&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg66HdVqUQYUwXASWPF9MRMgz0rfg" title="CD menghancurkan">shatter</a> .</span> Di luar tingkat tertentu rotasi, sekitar 10000 RPM, stres sentrifugal dapat menyebabkan plastik disk untuk <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhQnzhrpZlRzc_8qeosIGSK09uv5Q" title="Creep (deformasi)">creep</a> dan mungkin <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shattering&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg66HdVqUQYUwXASWPF9MRMgz0rfg" title="CD menghancurkan">menghancurkan</a> . <span class="google-src-text">On the outer edge of the CD disc, 10000 RPM limitation roughly equals to 52x speed, but on the inner edge only to 20x.</span> Di tepi luar dari disk CD, pembatasan RPM 10000 kira-kira sama dengan 52x kecepatan, tapi di tepi dalam hanya untuk 20x. <span class="google-src-text">Some drives further lower their maximum read speed to around 40x on the reasoning that blank discs will be clear of structural damage, but that discs inserted for reading may not be.</span> Beberapa drive semakin menurunkan kecepatan baca maksimal untuk sekitar 40x pada pemikiran bahwa disk kosong akan jelas dari kerusakan struktural, tetapi disk dimasukkan untuk membaca mungkin tidak. <span class="google-src-text">Without higher rotational speeds, increased read performance may be attainable by simultaneously reading more than one point of a data groove <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-2"><sup>[ 3 ]</sup></a> , but drives with such mechanisms are more expensive, less compatible, and very uncommon.</span> Tanpa kecepatan rotasi yang lebih tinggi, meningkatkan performa membaca mungkin dapat dicapai oleh sekaligus membaca lebih dari satu titik dari alur data <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-2"><sup>[3]</sup></a> , tapi drive dengan mekanisme tersebut lebih mahal, kurang kompatibel, dan sangat jarang. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zone_clv.jpg&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiwbrxKbjylBOyy2BMrCL2MONlIBw"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="165" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="220" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zone_clv.jpg&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiwbrxKbjylBOyy2BMrCL2MONlIBw" title="Memperbesar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Z-CLV recording strategy is easily visible after burning a DVD-R.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Strategi rekaman Z-CLV mudah terlihat setelah membakar DVD-R. </span></div><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Because keeping a constant transfer rate for the whole disc is not so important in most contemporary CD uses, to keep the rotational speed of the disc safely low while maximizing data rate, a pure CLV approach needed to be abandoned.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Karena menjaga transfer rate konstan untuk seluruh disk tidak begitu penting dalam kebanyakan menggunakan CD kontemporer, untuk menjaga kecepatan rotasi dari disk aman rendah, sementara memaksimalkan data rate, pendekatan CLV murni harus ditinggalkan. <span class="google-src-text">Some drives work in <i>partial CLV</i> (PCLV) scheme, by switching from CLV to CAV only when a rotational limit is reached.</span> Beberapa drive bekerja secara <i>parsial</i> skema <i>CLV</i> (PCLV), dengan beralih dari CLV untuk CAV hanya ketika batas rotasi tercapai. <span class="google-src-text">But switching to CAV requires considerable changes in hardware design, so instead most drives use the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh8DPytepazODzygnNIxgqgwRAGDA" title="Dikategorikan kecepatan linier konstan">zoned constant linear velocity</a> (Z-CLV) scheme.</span> Tapi beralih ke CAV membutuhkan perubahan besar dalam desain hardware, jadi bukannya drive kebanyakan menggunakan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh8DPytepazODzygnNIxgqgwRAGDA" title="Dikategorikan kecepatan linier konstan">kecepatan linier konstan dikategorikan</a> (Z-CLV) skema. <span class="google-src-text">This divides the disc into several zones, each having its own different constant linear velocity.</span> Ini membagi disk menjadi beberapa zona, masing-masing memiliki kecepatan linier sendiri yang berbeda konstan. <span class="google-src-text">A Z-CLV recorder rated at "52X", for example, would write at 52X on the innermost zone and then progressively decrease the speed in several <i>discrete</i> steps down to 20X at the outer rim.</span> A-CLV perekam Z peringkat "52X", misalnya, akan menulis di 52X di zona terdalam dan kemudian semakin mengurangi kecepatan dalam beberapa langkah <i>diskrit</i> ke 20X di tepi luar. </span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Loading mechanisms</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">mekanisme Loading</span> </span></h2><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Current optical drives use either a <i>tray-loading</i> mechanism, where the disc is loaded onto a motorised or manually operated tray, or a <i>slot-loading</i> mechanism, where the disc is slid into a slot and drawn in by motorized rollers.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> optical drive saat ini menggunakan baik mekanisme <i>tray-loading,</i> dimana disk dimasukkan ke atau dioperasikan secara manual baki bermotor, atau mekanisme <i>slot-loading,</i> dimana disk meluncur ke dalam slot dan ditarik oleh rol bermotor. <span class="google-src-text">Slot-loading drives have the disadvantage that they cannot usually accept the smaller 80 mm discs or any non-standard sizes; however, the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgV1tYBQ9kFQhDaihaIdlTI2nJT3g" title="Wii">Wii</a> and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhX7_0qVd283q29sU8AI35aRXG4xw" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> video game consoles seem to have defeated this problem, for they are able to load standard size DVDs and 80 mm discs in the same slot-loading drive. <sup>[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhm10aCXP8kgNX22jbNCRx5i3GY9A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> Slot-loading drive memiliki kelemahan yang biasanya mereka tidak dapat menerima mm yang lebih kecil 80 disc atau standar ukuran non, namun <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgV1tYBQ9kFQhDaihaIdlTI2nJT3g" title="Wii">Wii</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhX7_0qVd283q29sU8AI35aRXG4xw" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> video game konsol tampaknya telah dikalahkan masalah ini, karena mereka dapat memuat DVD ukuran standar dan 80 mm disc di drive slot-loading sama <sup>[. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhm10aCXP8kgNX22jbNCRx5i3GY9A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a> ]</sup> </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A small number of drive models, mostly compact portable units, have a <i>top-loading</i> mechanism where the drive lid is opened upwards and the disc is placed directly onto the spindle. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-3"><sup>[ 4 ]</sup></a> (for example, all PlayStation 1 consoles, portable CD players, and some standalone CD recorders all feature top-loading drives).</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sejumlah kecil model drive, portable unit kompak kebanyakan, memiliki mekanisme <i>top-loading</i> mana tutup drive dibuka ke atas dan disk ditempatkan langsung ke kumparan. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-3"><sup>[4]</sup></a> (misalnya, semua PlayStation 1 konsol, CD player portabel , dan beberapa perekam CD mandiri semua fitur top-loading drive). </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">These sometimes have the advantage of using spring-loaded ball bearings to hold the disc in place, minimizing damage to the disc if the drive is moved while it is spun up.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ini kadang-kadang memiliki keuntungan menggunakan ball bearing spring-loaded untuk menahan disk pada tempatnya, meminimalkan kerusakan pada disk jika drive dipindahkan ketika sedang berputar ke atas. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Some early CD-ROM drives used a mechanism where CDs had to be inserted into special <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_%28electronics%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgYMBoinpho5SyyOIEzI-oWQxEAuQ" title="Cartridge (elektronik)">cartridges</a> or <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddy_%28hardware%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjiZlKtl-ZOMe37Z09fU4pIgPtNQw" title="Caddy (hardware)">caddies</a> , somewhat similar in appearance to a 3.5" <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh5E5K_hE2M7YCQN4quRc0iz3N0lA#The_3.C2.BD-inch_micro_floppy_diskette" title="Floppy drive">floppy diskette</a> . This was intended to protect the disc from accidental damage by enclosing it in a tougher plastic casing, but did not gain wide acceptance due to the additional cost and compatibility concerns—such drives would also inconveniently require "bare" discs to be manually inserted into an openable caddy before use.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Beberapa CD-ROM drive awal menggunakan mekanisme dimana CD harus dimasukkan ke khusus <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_%28electronics%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgYMBoinpho5SyyOIEzI-oWQxEAuQ" title="Cartridge (elektronik)">kartrid</a> atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddy_%28hardware%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjiZlKtl-ZOMe37Z09fU4pIgPtNQw" title="Caddy (hardware)">Caddies</a> , agak mirip dalam penampilan dengan 3.5 " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh5E5K_hE2M7YCQN4quRc0iz3N0lA#The_3.C2.BD-inch_micro_floppy_diskette" title="Floppy drive">floppy disket</a> itu. ini dimaksudkan untuk melindungi disk dari kerusakan akibat kecelakaan dengan melampirkan itu dalam casing plastik keras , tetapi tidak mendapatkan penerimaan yang luas karena biaya tambahan dan drive kompatibilitas kekhawatiran-seperti juga akan inconveniently membutuhkan "telanjang" disk secara manual dimasukkan ke dalam caddy dapat dibuka sebelum digunakan. </span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Computer interfaces</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">interface Komputer</span> </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd_backside.jpg&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgUF-HumHPZ7TcWsdmtAD7_JYGXGg"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="152" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="250" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd_backside.jpg&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgUF-HumHPZ7TcWsdmtAD7_JYGXGg" title="Memperbesar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Digital audio output, analog audio output, and parallel ATA interface.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Digital audio output, output audio analog, dan sejajar antarmuka ATA. </span></div><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Most internal drives for <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj4Sqp_cPBjtqPyKI7TSOXNfDYxXw" title="Personal komputer">personal computers</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhI9JX-sq7HkxLo6PkGIOuPmPintw" title="Server (komputasi)">servers</a> and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjsOa-VERG_-uFA6bmxN_JbvcEMPA" title="Workstation">workstations</a> are designed to fit in a standard 5.25" <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_bay&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjaxzavVr4yIv1aJ-EeFc4lAy9oHg" title="Drive bay">drive bay</a> and connect to their host via an <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhitMfu2sPGOAN0aMcdHPsJX9s8w5A" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a> or <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiSSLSapcMV9GRTnSCtkFgFAQNDuA" title="SATA">SATA</a> interface. Additionally, there may be digital and analog outputs for Red Book audio. The outputs may be connected via a header cable to the sound card or the motherboard. At one time, computer software resembling <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiQEZQOfBWD4MHF_skDQetrt8p2Yg" title="CD player">cd players</a> controlled playback of the CD. Today the information is <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ripping&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgIdy51VPr3xWX36ubVvlRNExw0Cg" title="CD ripping">extracted</a> from the disc as data, to be played back or converted to other file formats.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> drive internal Kebanyakan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj4Sqp_cPBjtqPyKI7TSOXNfDYxXw" title="Personal komputer">komputer pribadi</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhI9JX-sq7HkxLo6PkGIOuPmPintw" title="Server (komputasi)">server</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjsOa-VERG_-uFA6bmxN_JbvcEMPA" title="Workstation">workstation</a> dirancang untuk muat dalam standar 5,25 " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_bay&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjaxzavVr4yIv1aJ-EeFc4lAy9oHg" title="Drive bay">bay drive</a> dan terhubung ke host mereka melalui <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhitMfu2sPGOAN0aMcdHPsJX9s8w5A" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a> atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiSSLSapcMV9GRTnSCtkFgFAQNDuA" title="SATA">SATA</a> interface.. Selain itu, mungkin ada digital dan analog menjadi output Buku Merah untuk audio mungkin Keluaran dihubungkan melalui kabel header ke kartu suara atau motherboard menyerupai. Pada suatu waktu komputer, perangkat lunak <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_player&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiQEZQOfBWD4MHF_skDQetrt8p2Yg" title="CD player">pemain cd</a> pemutaran dikendalikan dari CD. Hari informasi yang <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ripping&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgIdy51VPr3xWX36ubVvlRNExw0Cg" title="CD ripping">diekstrak</a> dari disk sebagai data, yang akan diputar kembali atau diubah ke format file lain . </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">External drives usually have <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhs5eRqCJyjxlZymf8sX48JDEOMDA" title="USB">USB</a> or <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgwa872ksSpz3jVYIXPBfLm-HBYuw" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> interfaces.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> drive eksternal biasanya memiliki <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhs5eRqCJyjxlZymf8sX48JDEOMDA" title="USB">USB</a> atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgwa872ksSpz3jVYIXPBfLm-HBYuw" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> interface. <span class="google-src-text">Some portable versions for laptop use power themselves off batteries or off their interface bus.</span> Beberapa versi portabel untuk daya menggunakan laptop diri mereka sendiri baterai atau mematikan antarmuka bus mereka. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Drives with <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3iDxMmMbgHT_nj0a1KMO7bZGFVA" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> interface exist, but are less common and tend to be more expensive, because of the cost of their interface chipsets and more complex SCSI connectors.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Drive dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3iDxMmMbgHT_nj0a1KMO7bZGFVA" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> interface ada, tetapi kurang umum dan cenderung lebih mahal, karena biaya chipset interface dan konektor SCSI lebih kompleks. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When the optical disc drive was first developed, it was not easy to add to computer systems.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ketika disc drive optik pertama kali dikembangkan, itu tidak mudah untuk ditambahkan ke sistem komputer. <span class="google-src-text">Some computers such as the IBM PS/2 were standardizing on the 3.5" floppy and 3.5" hard disk, and did not include a place for a large internal device.</span> Beberapa komputer seperti IBM PS / 2 adalah standardisasi di 3.5 "floppy dan 3.5" hard disk, dan tidak termasuk tempat untuk perangkat internal yang besar. <span class="google-src-text">Also IBM PCs and clones at first only included a single <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcHPa1vjOa5kGWaZe3e0C4OwYN8A" title="ATA">ATA</a> drive interface, which by the time the CDROM was introduced, was already being used to support two hard drives.</span> Juga IBM PC dan klon pada awalnya hanya mencakup satu <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjcHPa1vjOa5kGWaZe3e0C4OwYN8A" title="ATA">ATA</a> interface drive, yang pada saat CDROM diperkenalkan, sudah digunakan untuk mendukung dua hard drive. <span class="google-src-text">Early laptops simply had no built-in high-speed interface for supporting an external storage device.</span> Awal laptop hanya tidak memiliki built-in interface kecepatan tinggi untuk mendukung perangkat penyimpanan eksternal. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This was solved through several techniques:</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Hal ini diselesaikan melalui beberapa teknik: </span><br />
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Early <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cards&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg6p-jMcsSK1WITuGQBASi5qHtAGA" title="Kartu suara">sound cards</a> could include a second ATA interface, though it was often limited to supporting a single optical drive and no hard drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Awal <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cards&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg6p-jMcsSK1WITuGQBASi5qHtAGA" title="Kartu suara">kartu suara</a> dapat mencakup antarmuka ATA kedua, meskipun sering terbatas untuk mendukung optical drive tunggal dan tidak ada hard drive. <span class="google-src-text">This evolved into the modern second ATA interface included as standard equipment</span> Ini berevolusi menjadi antarmuka ATA modern kedua termasuk perlengkapan standar </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhje_CgqjV2iITHlH9ANgtkC1GBXVw" title="Paralel port">parallel port</a> external drive was developed that connected between a printer and the computer.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhje_CgqjV2iITHlH9ANgtkC1GBXVw" title="Paralel port">port paralel</a> drive eksternal dikembangkan yang menghubungkan antara printer dan komputer. <span class="google-src-text">This was slow but an option for laptops</span> Hal ini lambat tapi pilihan untuk laptop </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiJkNh7GIT2AIHPnM3JG2K2hBTbrA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a> optical drive interface was also developed for laptops</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiJkNh7GIT2AIHPnM3JG2K2hBTbrA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a> interface optical drive juga dikembangkan untuk laptop </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A SCSI card could be installed in desktop PCs for an external SCSI drive enclosure, though SCSI was typically much more expensive than other options</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebuah kartu SCSI bisa dipasang di PC desktop untuk kandang drive SCSI eksternal, meskipun SCSI itu biasanya jauh lebih mahal dibandingkan pilihan lain </span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Compatibility</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">Kompatibilitas</span> </span></h2><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Most optical drives are <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwards_compatible&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj1jna-kD0eWMA-36ExHYXvYR6hlQ" title="Kompatibel">backwards compatible</a> with their ancestors up to CD, although this is not required by standards.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Kebanyakan optical drive <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwards_compatible&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj1jna-kD0eWMA-36ExHYXvYR6hlQ" title="Kompatibel">kompatibel</a> dengan nenek moyang mereka sampai ke CD, meskipun hal ini tidak diperlukan oleh standar. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Compared to a CD's 1.2 mm layer of polycarbonate, a DVD's laser beam only has to penetrate 0.6 mm in order to reach the recording surface.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Dibandingkan dengan 1,2 mm lapisan CD dari polycarbonate, sinar laser DVD hanya harus menembus 0,6 mm untuk mencapai permukaan rekaman. <span class="google-src-text">This allows a DVD drive to focus the beam on a smaller spot size and to read smaller pits.</span> Hal ini memungkinkan drive DVD untuk memfokuskan sinar pada ukuran tempat yang lebih kecil dan untuk membaca lubang kecil. <span class="google-src-text">DVD lens supports a different focus for CD or DVD media with same laser.</span> lensa DVD mendukung fokus yang berbeda untuk media CD atau DVD dengan laser yang sama. </span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pressed CD</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ditekan CD </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pressed DVD</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ditekan DVD </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD+R</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD + R</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD+RW</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD + RW</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR_DL&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhipYxudp1jtywN1cY13EsuoklhvIg" title="DVD + R DL">DVD+R DL</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR_DL&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhipYxudp1jtywN1cY13EsuoklhvIg" title="DVD + R DL">DVD + R DL</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pressed CAT BD</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> CAT didesak BD </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R DL</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjS3fIjDlxFfwW_VeX5bs2axEpRzA" title="BD-R">BD-R DL</a> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="google-src-text"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE DL</a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-RE&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhyzkcz8L8uTiz84sqkR3o-NzLJMA" title="BD-RE">BD-RE DL</a> </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Audio CD player</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Audio CD player </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-1"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-1"><sup>1</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-2"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-2"><sup>2</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHEdwEtp0jFus7P2BrKSh2Xpxpgw" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHEdwEtp0jFus7P2BrKSh2Xpxpgw" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-1"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-1"><sup>1</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-2"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-2"><sup>2</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiWMtNUSMzSrPNaVlr-F9GgxM0Sxw" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj01YkvRayT2emm9aqnuLyPfAiO0w" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgrG9zGijdzIOmkfjQKT1gi79uXvw" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a> drive</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgrG9zGijdzIOmkfjQKT1gi79uXvw" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a> drive </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-3"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-3"><sup>3</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-3"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-3"><sup>3</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-4"><sup>4</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjZ_fRTsbdnVrZCzlBfmQjBWS_Yw" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-7"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-7"><sup>7</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgM67dMcn1Ce935PB2WcJ1Cz-hNIA" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-7"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-7"><sup>7</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-8"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-8"><sup>8</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD+R</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BR&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjorhVktaRtXi4I7hfg0LOYu5QP1w" title="DVD + R">DVD + R</a> perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-9"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-9"><sup>9</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD+RW</a> recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%252BRW&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjoQEB_-qZ833ML03SJ0tkch6i3Tw" title="DVD + RW">DVD + RW</a> recorder </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-6"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">DVD±RW recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> DVD ± RW perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-5"><sup>5</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">DVD±RW/DVD+R DL recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> DVD ± RW / DVD + R DL perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-10"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-10"><sup>10</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-10"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-10"><sup>10</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFDDDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">None</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tak satupun </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhhHOP7ol5FKMPQXdQvoSIyMJBxlA" title="BD-ROM">BD-ROM</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-ROM&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhhHOP7ol5FKMPQXdQvoSIyMJBxlA" title="BD-ROM">BD-ROM</a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">BD-R recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> BD-R perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">BD-RE recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> BD-RE perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">BD-R DL recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> BD-R DL perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">BD-RE DL recorder</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> BD-RE DL perekam </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tulis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#endnote_compat-11"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Read</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Baca </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Write</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Menulis </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-1"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^1</span></b></span></a> Some types of CD-R media with less-reflective dyes may cause problems.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-1"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 1</span></b></span></a> Beberapa jenis media CD-R dengan-reflektif pewarna kurang dapat menimbulkan masalah. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-2"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^2</span></b></span></a> May not work in non MultiRead-compliant drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-2"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 2</span></b></span></a> Tidak boleh bekerja di drive MultiRead non-compliant. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-3"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^3</span></b></span></a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www2.osta.org/osta/html/cddvd/intro.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3v_Q-jbX5BANFT3JskzfPu9Uj_g">May not work</a> in some early-model DVD-ROM drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-3"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 3</span></b></span></a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www2.osta.org/osta/html/cddvd/intro.html&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3v_Q-jbX5BANFT3JskzfPu9Uj_g">tidak Mei bekerja</a> di beberapa-ROM drive DVD model awal. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-4"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^4</span></b></span></a> A large-scale <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Specific.aspx%3FArticleId%3D7664&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhWQw3JEJUpz_6wDoV_soivHDJG2Q">compatibility test</a> conducted by cdrinfo.com in July 2003 found DVD-R discs playable by 96.74%, DVD+R by 87.32%, DVD-RW by 87.68% and DVD+RW by 86.96% of consumer DVD players and DVD-ROM drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-4"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 4</span></b></span></a> A skala besar <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Specific.aspx%3FArticleId%3D7664&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhWQw3JEJUpz_6wDoV_soivHDJG2Q">tes kompatibilitas</a> yang dilakukan oleh cdrinfo.com pada bulan Juli 2003 ditemukan-R disc DVD dimainkan oleh 96,74%, DVD + R sebesar 87,32%, DVD-RW sebesar 87,68% dan DVD + RW dengan 86,96% dari pemutar DVD konsumen dan DVD-ROM drive. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-5"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^5</span></b></span></a> Read compatibility with existing DVD drives may vary greatly] with the brand of DVD+R DL media used.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-5"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 5</span></b></span></a> kompatibilitas Baca dengan drive DVD yang ada dapat bervariasi sangat] dengan merek DVD + R DL media yang digunakan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-6"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^6</span></b></span></a> Need information on read compatibility.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-6"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 6</span></b></span></a> Butuh informasi tentang kompatibilitas baca. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-7"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^7</span></b></span></a> May not work in non DVD Multi-compliant drives.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-7"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 7</span></b></span></a> tidak Mei bekerja di Multi DVD drive non-compliant. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-8"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^8</span></b></span></a> Recorder firmware may blacklist or otherwise refuse to record to some brands of DVD-RW media.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-8"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 8</span></b></span></a> firmware Perekam mungkin daftar hitam atau sebaliknya menolak untuk merekam untuk beberapa merek-RW DVD media. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-9"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^9</span></b></span></a> Need information on read compatibility.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-9"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 9</span></b></span></a> Butuh informasi tentang kompatibilitas baca. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-10"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^10</span></b></span></a> As of April 2005, all DVD+R DL recorders on the market are <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Multi&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhUNyliTX3N-X5zVhykfqJBDslLXQ" title="Super Multi">Super Multi</a> -capable.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-10"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 10</span></b></span></a> Pada April 2005, semua DVD + R DL recorder di pasaran adalah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Multi&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhUNyliTX3N-X5zVhykfqJBDslLXQ" title="Super Multi">Super Multi</a> -mampu. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-11"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^11</span></b></span></a> As of October 2006, recently released BD drives are able to read and write CD media.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#ref_compat-11"><span class="citationwikicite"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">^ 11</span></b></span></a> Pada Oktober 2006, baru-baru ini merilis BD drive yang mampu membaca dan menulis media CD. </span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Recording performance</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">kinerja Recording</span> </span></h2><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Optical recorder drives are often marked with three different speed ratings.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> drive optik perekam sering ditandai dengan tiga peringkat kecepatan yang berbeda. <span class="google-src-text">In these cases, the first speed is for write-once (R) operations, second for re-write (RW or RE) operations, and one for read-only (ROM) operations.</span> Dalam kasus ini, kecepatan pertama adalah untuk menulis-sekali operasi (R), kedua untuk menulis ulang (RW atau RE) operasi, dan satu untuk read-only operasi (ROM). <span class="google-src-text">For example a 12x/10x/32x CD drive is capable of writing to CD-R discs at 12x speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10x speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from any CD discs at 32x speed (4.69 MB/s).</span> Misalnya drive CD 12x/10x/32x mampu menulis ke cakram CD-R pada kecepatan 12x (1,76 MB / s), menulis ke cakram CD-RW pada kecepatan 10x (1,46 MB / s), dan membaca dari CD apapun disc pada kecepatan 32x (4,69 MB / s). </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In the late 1990s, <i><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_underrun&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjlDhsaDkYW6H6_TVROgjQVWR5ExQ" title="Buffer underrun">buffer underruns</a></i> became a very common problem as high-speed CD recorders began to appear in home and office computers, which—for a variety of reasons—often could not muster the I/O performance to keep the data stream to the recorder steadily fed.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Pada akhir 1990-an, <i><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_underrun&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjlDhsaDkYW6H6_TVROgjQVWR5ExQ" title="Buffer underrun">underruns buffer</a></i> menjadi masalah yang sangat umum sebagai kecepatan CD recorder-tinggi mulai muncul di komputer rumah dan kantor, yang-karena berbagai alasan-sering tidak bisa mengerahkan performa I / O untuk menyimpan data stream perekam terus makan. <span class="google-src-text">The recorder, should it run short, would be forced to halt the recording process, leaving a truncated track that usually renders the disc useless.</span> Perekam, harus itu jangka pendek, akan dipaksa untuk menghentikan proses perekaman, meninggalkan lagu terpotong yang biasanya membuat disk tidak berguna. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In response, manufacturers of CD recorders began shipping drives with "buffer underrun protection" (under various trade names, such as <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg7EQxvgws_LpyKa01hNRlgKRjgAQ" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> 's <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_proof&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhihHCkaUj5BngVY_jqQ_Uk9yGBxzw" title="Burn bukti">"BURN-Proof"</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgZOTqtpkrb9QTb-VuNx_4YVOwq-Q" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> 's "JustLink" and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiFtDCq0nQqNkVQe5uUvYiIrHoYJw" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> 's "Lossless Link").</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Sebagai tanggapan, produsen perekam CD mulai pengiriman drive dengan "underrun perlindungan buffer" (di bawah berbagai nama dagang, seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg7EQxvgws_LpyKa01hNRlgKRjgAQ" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> 's <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_proof&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhihHCkaUj5BngVY_jqQ_Uk9yGBxzw" title="Burn bukti">"BURN-Proof"</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgZOTqtpkrb9QTb-VuNx_4YVOwq-Q" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> 's "JustLink" dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiFtDCq0nQqNkVQe5uUvYiIrHoYJw" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> 's "Link Lossless"). <span class="google-src-text">These can suspend and resume the recording process in such a way that the gap the stoppage produces can be dealt with by the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%25E2%2580%2593Solomon_error_correction&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKayLSgQhf2bWf1xeAbrmWSMqfXw" title="Reed-Solomon koreksi kesalahan">error-correcting</a> logic built into CD players and CD-ROM drives.</span> Ini dapat menunda dan melanjutkan proses perekaman sedemikian rupa sehingga kesenjangan penyumbatan dapat menghasilkan ditangani oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%25E2%2580%2593Solomon_error_correction&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgKayLSgQhf2bWf1xeAbrmWSMqfXw" title="Reed-Solomon koreksi kesalahan">error-correcting</a> logika dibangun ke CD player dan CD-ROM drive. <span class="google-src-text">The first of these drives were rated at 12X and 16X.</span> Yang pertama dari drive ini dinilai di 12X dan 16X. </span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Recording schemes</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">skema Recording</span> </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">See also: <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh_MRVys4bVep1NSpfQVSRFMaoGXw" title="perekaman disc Optical teknologi">Optical disc recording technologies</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Lihat juga: <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh_MRVys4bVep1NSpfQVSRFMaoGXw" title="perekaman disc Optical teknologi">teknologi disc rekaman Optik</a> </span></div><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">CD recording on personal computers was originally a batch-oriented task in that it required specialised <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring_software&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjhpPalPxH8Flb-bP4IrHSMjiydQA" title="Optical disc authoring software">authoring software</a> to create an " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_image&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhghx6yJ-bB8YcGwhug_eE2-ATG2og" title="Disc gambar">image</a> " of the data to record, and to record it to disc in the one session.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> rekaman CD pada komputer pribadi pada awalnya berorientasi tugas batch dalam bahwa diperlukan khusus <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring_software&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjhpPalPxH8Flb-bP4IrHSMjiydQA" title="Optical disc authoring software">authoring software</a> untuk membuat sebuah " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_image&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhghx6yJ-bB8YcGwhug_eE2-ATG2og" title="Disc gambar">gambar</a> "dari data untuk merekam, dan untuk merekam ke disk dalam satu sesi. <span class="google-src-text">This was acceptable for archival purposes, but limited the general convenience of CD-R and CD-RW discs as a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgQTZtiiykcmX-N79hDdODJTpeS7g" title="Removable Media">removable storage medium</a> .</span> Ini dapat diterima untuk keperluan arsip, tetapi terbatas kenyamanan umum dari CD-R dan cakram CD-RW sebagai <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgQTZtiiykcmX-N79hDdODJTpeS7g" title="Removable Media">media penyimpanan yang dapat dilepas</a> . </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_writing&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg8ACDJHWTB4qxS5d4TdyL_NJOTlg" title="Packet menulis">Packet writing</a> is a scheme in which the recorder writes incrementally to disc in short bursts, or packets.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_writing&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg8ACDJHWTB4qxS5d4TdyL_NJOTlg" title="Packet menulis">menulis paket</a> adalah skema di mana perekam menulis secara bertahap ke disk dalam semburan pendek, atau paket. <span class="google-src-text">Sequential packet writing fills the disc with packets from bottom up.</span> menulis paket Sequential mengisi disk dengan paket-paket dari bawah ke atas. <span class="google-src-text">To make it readable in CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, the disc can be <i>closed</i> at any time by writing a final table-of-contents to the start of the disc; thereafter, the disc cannot be packet-written any further.</span> Untuk membuatnya dibaca di CD-ROM dan-ROM drive DVD, disc bisa <i>ditutup</i> setiap saat dengan menulis akhir tabel-of-isi ke awal dari disk; sesudahnya, disk tidak dapat paket-ditulis lebih jauh. <span class="google-src-text">Packet writing, together with support from the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgu5zbCwrw36wTQoIOEQlqbGKNd2w" title="Sistem operasi">operating system</a> and a <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgjZ-9GGeH8A309oR73zkIXuBgDxw" title="File system">file system</a> like <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disc_Format&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhqd3joks32amtK75A2vhvNrAo1rQ" title="Universal Disc Format">UDF</a> , can be used to mimic random write-access as in media like flash memory and magnetic disks.</span> Paket menulis, bersama dengan dukungan dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgu5zbCwrw36wTQoIOEQlqbGKNd2w" title="Sistem operasi">sistem operasi</a> dan sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgjZ-9GGeH8A309oR73zkIXuBgDxw" title="File system">sistem berkas</a> seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disc_Format&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhqd3joks32amtK75A2vhvNrAo1rQ" title="Universal Disc Format">UDF</a> , dapat digunakan untuk meniru random akses tulis seperti di media seperti flash memory dan disk magnetik. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Fixed-length packet writing (on CD-RW and DVD-RW media) divides up the disc into padded, fixed-size packets.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Tetap menulis panjang paket (pada CD-RW dan media DVD-RW) membagi sampai disk ke empuk, paket berukuran tetap. <span class="google-src-text">The padding reduces the capacity of the disc, but allows the recorder to start and stop recording on an individual packet without affecting its neighbours.</span> Padding mengurangi kapasitas disk, tetapi memungkinkan perekam untuk memulai dan menghentikan perekaman pada paket individual tanpa mempengaruhi tetangganya. <span class="google-src-text">These resemble the block-writable access offered by magnetic media closely enough that many conventional file systems will work as-is.</span> Ini mirip dengan akses blok-writable ditawarkan oleh media magnetik cukup dekat bahwa banyak sistem file konvensional akan bekerja seperti apa adanya. <span class="google-src-text">Such discs, however, are not readable in most CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives or on most operating systems without additional third-party drivers.</span> cakram tersebut, bagaimanapun, tidak dapat dibaca di sebagian besar CD-ROM dan drive DVD-ROM atau pada kebanyakan sistem operasi tanpa driver tambahan pihak ketiga. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The DVD+RW disc format goes further by embedding more accurate timing hints in the data groove of the disc and allowing individual data blocks to be replaced without affecting backwards compatibility (a feature dubbed "lossless linking").</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Format disc DVD + RW lebih jauh dengan melekatkan petunjuk waktu lebih akurat dalam alur data dari disk dan memungkinkan data individu blok untuk diganti tanpa mempengaruhi kompatibilitas mundur (sebuah fitur yang dijuluki "menghubungkan lossless"). <span class="google-src-text">The format itself was designed to deal with discontinuous recording because it was expected to be widely used in <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhxi9vLFbfCPF4R2kE_qBWndEoyvQ" title="Perekam video digital">digital video recorders</a> .</span> Format itu sendiri dirancang untuk menangani rekaman terputus karena diharapkan dapat secara luas digunakan dalam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhxi9vLFbfCPF4R2kE_qBWndEoyvQ" title="Perekam video digital">perekam video digital</a> . <span class="google-src-text">Many such DVRs use variable-rate video compression schemes which require them to record in short bursts; some allow simultaneous playback and recording by alternating quickly between recording to the tail of the disc whilst reading from elsewhere.</span> Banyak DVRs seperti menggunakan skema variabel-tingkat kompresi video yang mengharuskan mereka untuk merekam dalam semburan pendek; beberapa memungkinkan pemutaran simultan dan perekaman oleh bergantian dengan cepat antara rekaman ke ekor pembacaan disk sementara dari tempat lain. </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier_%28packet_writing%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhit52N8KLB8n1I7V2AaK5bFH0wBew" title="Mount Rainier (menulis paket)">Mount Rainier</a> aims to make packet-written CD-RW and DVD+RW discs as convenient to use as that of removable magnetic media by having the firmware format new discs in the background and manage media defects (by automatically mapping parts of the disc which have been worn out by erase cycles to reserve space elsewhere on the disc).</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier_%28packet_writing%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhit52N8KLB8n1I7V2AaK5bFH0wBew" title="Mount Rainier (menulis paket)">Mount Rainier</a> bertujuan untuk membuat paket-ditulis CD-RW dan + RW disc DVD sebagai nyaman untuk digunakan sebagai media magnetik yang dapat dilepas dengan memiliki format cakram firmware baru di latar belakang dan mengelola cacat media (dengan secara otomatis pemetaan bagian-bagian dari disk yang telah dipakai oleh menghapus siklus untuk memesan ruang tempat lain pada disk). <span class="google-src-text">As of February 2007, support for Mount Rainier is natively supported in <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhzpvgM1bThsMsy_A_a9t5FMKMl4g" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> .</span> Pada Februari 2007, dukungan untuk Mount Rainier adalah native didukung di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhzpvgM1bThsMsy_A_a9t5FMKMl4g" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> . <span class="google-src-text">All previous versions of Windows require a third-party solution, as does <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiM95Gjd9nKCdpCxVMEHBRH-ox01A" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> .</span> Semua versi Windows sebelumnya membutuhkan solusi pihak ketiga, seperti halnya <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiM95Gjd9nKCdpCxVMEHBRH-ox01A" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> . </span><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Recorder Unique Identifier</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">Perekam Unique Identifier</span> </span></h3><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Owing to pressure from the music industry, as represented by the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjGNsaIQFI6ERn6QAEIGpZdWkNNbA" title="IFPI">IFPI</a> and <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi8_IlRqjEHyorqOEKMUDy-5H7Xjg" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgzKEbQHI-h_0FtqBpQhM44NA9aig" title="Philips">Philips</a> developed the <i>Recorder Identification Code</i> (RID) to allow media to be uniquely associated with the recorder that has written it.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Karena tekanan dari industri musik, yang diwakili oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjGNsaIQFI6ERn6QAEIGpZdWkNNbA" title="IFPI">IFPI</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi8_IlRqjEHyorqOEKMUDy-5H7Xjg" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgzKEbQHI-h_0FtqBpQhM44NA9aig" title="Philips">Philips</a> mengembangkan <i>Perekam Kode Identifikasi</i> (RID) untuk memungkinkan media yang unik terkait dengan perekam yang telah menulis itu. <span class="google-src-text">This standard is contained in the <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Books&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg_gALxWJCJvCGvnmROaWo9g7Ts1Q" title="Pelangi Buku">Rainbow Books</a> .</span> Standar ini terdapat dalam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Books&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg_gALxWJCJvCGvnmROaWo9g7Ts1Q" title="Pelangi Buku">Buku Rainbow</a> . <span class="google-src-text">The RID-Code consists of a supplier code (eg "PHI" for Philips), a model number and the unique ID of the recorder.</span> The-RID Kode terdiri dari kode pemasok (misalnya "PHI" untuk Philips), nomor model dan ID yang unik dari perekam. <span class="google-src-text">Quoting Philips, the RID "enables a trace for each disc back to the exact machine on which it was made using coded information in the recording itself. The use of the RID code is mandatory." <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-Philips-4"><sup>[ 5 ]</sup></a> Although the RID was introduced for music and video industry purposes, the RID is included on every disc written by every drive, including data and backup discs.</span> Mengutip Philips, RID "memungkinkan jejak untuk setiap disk kembali ke mesin yang tepat di mana ia dibuat menggunakan informasi yang tersimpan dalam rekaman itu sendiri. Penggunaan kode RID adalah wajib." <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-Philips-4"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Meskipun RID diperkenalkan untuk musik dan tujuan industri video, RID disertakan pada setiap disk yang ditulis oleh setiap drive, termasuk data dan disk cadangan. </span><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOptical_disc_drive%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgtA_Mf5Ro4sXEddIU-NiK18O_foA" title="Edit bagian: Source Kode Identifikasi">edit</a> ]</span></span><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Source IDentification Code</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOptical_disc_drive%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgtA_Mf5Ro4sXEddIU-NiK18O_foA" title="Edit bagian: Source Kode Identifikasi">sunting</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Source Kode Identifikasi</span> </span></h3><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Source IDentification Code (SID) is an eight character supplier code that is placed on every CD-ROM.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Identifikasi Sumber Code (SID) adalah delapan karakter pemasok kode yang ditempatkan pada setiap CD-ROM. <span class="google-src-text">The SID identifies not only manufacturer, the individual factory, and even the machine that produced the (blank, writeable) disc.</span> SID mengidentifikasi tidak hanya produsen, pabrik individu, dan bahkan mesin yang menghasilkan disk (kosong, writeable). </span><br />
<span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Quoting Philips: "The Source IDentification Code (SID Code) provides an optical disc production facility with the means to identify:</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Penawaran Philips: "Sumber Identifikasi Code (SID Code) menyediakan fasilitas produksi cakram optik dengan sarana untuk mengidentifikasi: </span><br />
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">all discs mastered and/or replicated in its plant;</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> semua cakram menguasai dan / atau direplikasi di pabrik; </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">and the individual Laser Beam Recorder (LBR) signal processor or mould that produced a particular stamper or disc."</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> dan Laser Beam Recorder individu (lbr) sinyal prosesor atau cetakan yang menghasilkan stamper tertentu atau disk. " </span></li>
</ul><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Use of RID and SID together in forensics</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="mw-headline">Penggunaan RID dan SID bersama dalam forensik</span> </span></h3><span class="google-src-text"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The standard use of RID and SID mean that each disc written contains a record of the machine that produced a disc (the SID), and which drive wrote it (the RID).</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Penggunaan standar RID dan SID berarti bahwa setiap disk tertulis berisi catatan mesin yang memproduksi disk (SID), dan yang mendorong menulis itu (RID). <span class="google-src-text">This combined knowledge may be very useful to law enforcement, to investigative agencies, and to private &/or corporate investigators. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-5"><sup>[ 6 ]</sup></a></span> Pengetahuan gabungan mungkin akan sangat berguna untuk penegakan hukum, instansi investigasi, dan untuk pribadi & / atau simpatisan perusahaan. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhquYYpgTuNXCFbZG4_3L80ur7sYA#cite_note-5"><sup>[6]</sup></a> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">CD PLAYER</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Many of the advanced technologies of the reference series sa-7s1 are now at work in this premium player. For example, it uses the exclusive-to-marantz dynamic digital filtering technology, which makes standard CDs sound as incredible as SACDs. There are three filter characteristic to cater for different testes. The unit offer fully balanced signal handling on short symmetrical discrete circuit architecture and theHDAM-SA2 high-speed amplifier module. The internal high precision clock keeps jitter at the lowest possible level. The rigid double-layer chassis minimizes vibration. Extensive copper plating and system-block shielding keeps the signal as clean as possible. In addition, you get balanced XLR; gold-plated RCA output terminals and a low-noise LCD. All of which means that you can enjoy sustained signal integrity, original sound stage reproduction, unsurpassed rhythmic intensity, and an unparalleled quality of dynamic and peace.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">The most widespread laser applications are unambiguously the optical data storage system such as CD, DVD and nowadays blue-ray disc (BD). The CD was originally designed for storage and playing back music and was later extended to the CD-ROM for computer storage. Most optical drives operate on the principle of detecting changes in the intensity of light that is reflected by the media surface. The data information is printed as so-called pits onto the reflective surface of the media. The limitation of the storage capacity is the wave length of the laser light. Light of the shorter wavelength can be focused better thus allowing higher storage density. Within this course the data detection, the control loop for the riding laser head and other components of an optical drive will be demonstrated using the open frame CD player. The optical technique to read data remains the same regardless of whether a CD, a DVD or a BD is used.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Examples of investigations </div><div class="MsoNormal">Reading assembly: a laser beam of 780 nm wavelength in focused on the CD by means of lenses L1 and L2. The spot size on the reflective layer is about 0.6. the light returning from the CD is reflected by the polarizing beam splitter cube (BD) due to the action of the quarter wave plat (QWP) and is imaged on the position sensitive sensor (PSD).</div><div class="MsoNormal">Detection of pits: once the laser beam hits a pit, a changes in reflected light intensity occurs due to partial scattering and destructive interference between the incoming and outgoing laser beam. The pit length or the time duration within the light level determines whether the data is interpreted as 0’s and 1’s of binary data. The analogue intensity variations can be observed by means of an oscilloscope.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Laser beam positioning: to keep the beam focus on the rotating disc the focusing lens (L2) can be moved vertically by means of a coil in response to an error signal. A cylindrical lens (L3) projects s round spot only when the beam is correctly focused. A position sensitive detector (PSD) can determine whether the images of the focus is round. If it is not the case in generates an appropriate focusing error signal. An additional control loop ensures that the reading head follows the data track on the CD. All error signals can be displayed by means of an oscilloscope. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-64822575659911355682012-02-16T22:05:00.000-08:002012-02-16T22:05:04.820-08:00AUDIO MOBIL<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">AUDIO MOBIL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Inverter</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Inverter<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>adalah sebgai pembalik....<br />
yaitu membalik tegangan DC menjadi AC....<br />
pada motor listrik, biasanya inverter digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan putaran motor.....untuk mengaturnya dengan menggeser fasa pada input motor....untuk menggeser fasa, pada rangkaian inverter menggunakan transistor yg inputnya DC, kemudian transistor trsbt dpt menghasilkan sinyal AC dengan periode tertentu...</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Equalizer</span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagi para penggemar audio, equalizer grafik bukan merupakan barang yang asing lagi. Sejak dahulu equalizer grafk hadir sebagai pelengkap untuk menghasilkan sebuah sistem audio hi-fi (high fidelity), yang berarti suara yang dihasilkan memiliki derajat kesamaan yang mendekati (mirip) sura aslinya. Tujuan sebuah sistem audio adalah untuk menghadirkan sebuah permainan musik dalam sebuah ruang dengar, permainan musik tersebut harus berkualitas sama dengam musik yang terdengar langsung pada saat perekaman, sehingga hasil yang didapatkan, seolah-olah pendengar duduk dikursi sebuah gedung konser dan mendengarkan secara langsung permainan musik didepannya.<br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://huricomp.co.nr/"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="Desain Equalizer Grafik dengan Mikrokontroller" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Equalizer grafik banyak disukai oleh masyarakat dikarenakan kemudahannya dalam pemakaian, pendengar dapat dengam mudah menentukan sendiri respon frekuensi dari sebuah sistem audio dengan mengatur tinggi rendah nada dari equalizer grafik. Keistemewaan lainnya ialah equalizer grafik dapat mengkoreksi adanya penyimpangan tanggapan frekuensi. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Dengan memakai chip-chip linear untuk keperluan pengolahan sinyal audio, dan didesain secara khusus agar dapat dikendalikan secara digital, maka dengan mudah dapat dibangun sebuah sistem audio yang merupakan gabungan dari sistem analog dan sistem digital.</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Equalizer adalah rangkaian yang mampu mengamplifikasi atau mengatenuasi rentang frekuensi tertentu dan membiarkan yang lain tetap utuh. Sekarang kita memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup untuk menerjemahkan kurva yang menggambarkan perilaku equalizer. Adalah grafik, yang diplot pada diagram amplitudo-frekuensi, kemudian dilipatgandakan oleh sinyal input untuk mendapatkan sinyal output (kita ingat sekali lagi bahwa X(f), Y(f), dan H(f) berada dalam domain frekuensi).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">POWER AMPLIFIER</span></b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah perangkat yang memperkuat sinyal-sinyal electromagnetic menjadi audio, kerja power ampli disini adalah memperkeras sinyal yg lemah menjadi kuat dalam arti divice yg terhubung diperkuat(suara).<br />
Power amplifier bertugas sebagai penguat akhir dari preamplifier menuju ke driver speaker. Amplifier pada umumnya terbagi menjadi dua yaitu Power Amplifier dan Integrated Amplifier. Power Amplifier adalah penguat akhir yang tidak disertai dengan tone control (volume, bas, treble), sebaliknya integrated amplifier adalah penguat akhir yang telah disertai dengan tone control.<br />
<br />
D.LANGKAH KERJA<br />
1.Siapkan alat dan bahan yang dibutuhkan.<br />
2.Rangkailah AFG, power amplifier, dummy load dan CRO seperti gambar<br />
3.Setelah rangkaian terpasang semua, kemudian hidupkan semua alat.<br />
4.Atur frekuensi keluaran dari AFG mulai dari 20 Hz sampai 20 KHz dengan amplitudo yang selalu sama yaitu 1 Vp-p.<br />
5.Atur power amplifier (bass, trebel, middle dan balance) hingga bentuk gelombang yang ditampikan di CRO bagus.<br />
6.Bandingkan antara gelombang input dari AFG dan gelombang output dari dummy load.<br />
7.Catat hasil pengamatan.<br />
<br />
G.ANALLISA DATA<br />
Dari data tebal pengamatan dapat kita ketahui bahwa:<br />
P (daya) pada pengamatan tersebuat adalah :<br />
<br />
>pada saat Fin = 1 KHzRL = 8 Ohm<br />
Vin = 1,2 x 5 mV<br />
Vout = 1,4 x 1 V<br />
Maka Veff = 0,707 x 1,4 x 1 V = 0,9898<br />
Sehingga P = (Veff)2 / (2 x RL)<br />
= (0,9898)2 / (2 x 8)<br />
= 0,0612 W<br />
<br />
>pada saat Fin = 20 KHz RL = 8 Ohm<br />
Vin = 2,2 x 5 Mv<br />
Vout = 2,2 x 0,5 V<br />
Maka Veff = 0,707 x 2,2 x 0,5 V = 0,7777<br />
Sehingga P = (Veff)2 / (2 x RL)<br />
= (0,7777)2 / (2 x 8)<br />
= 0,0377 W<br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><h3><a href="" name="1005941035722222414"></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://el-02.blogspot.com/2009/11/macam-macam-jenis-speaker.html">Macam - macam jenis speaker</a> </span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">1. Subwoofer /Woofer: Untuk menghasilkan mereproduksi nada rendah.Biasanya dibatasi dari 100 Hz dan di bawahnya. Dan bilamana suatu woofer dapat mereproduksi nada bass dibawah 40 Hz maka dapat disebut subwoofer.Biasanya ukuran dari subwoofer adalah 12,15,18 inci, ukuran woofer sekira 10 dan 8 inci<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_F5L-7eZWGoQ/Swn6emEwORI/AAAAAAAAAA8/lEhULrDN_1g/s1600/sub.jpeg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img border="0" height="93" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="116" /></span></a><br />
<br />
2. Midbass / Midwoofer: Biasanya menghasilkan frekuensi dengan rentang antara 80Hz-350Hz.Biasanya ukuran dari midbass ini adalah dari 5 sampai 7 inci</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_F5L-7eZWGoQ/Swn61XFCS6I/AAAAAAAAABE/6T8CZaEL29Y/s1600/mid.jpeg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img border="0" height="79" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="96" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">3.Midrange: Ukuran dari midrange murni adalah sekira 3-4 inci, Frekuensi kerjanya adalah sekitar 350 sampai dengan 4500Hz.<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5L-7eZWGoQ/Swn7Kp4akBI/AAAAAAAAABM/rsTHyaEcWXI/s1600/midr.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img border="0" height="282" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><br />
4.Tweeter: adalah driver speaker yang digunakan untuk reproduksi daerah atas dari frekuensi musik, biasanya cakupan kerjanya adalah dari 3500 Hz sampai 20 Khz.Bentuknya bermacam2 menurut ukuran dan freq kerjanya.Biasanya ukurannya antara 0,5-4 inci<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_F5L-7eZWGoQ/Swn7znz9y4I/AAAAAAAAABU/zaGlGN4zUS0/s1600/twit.jpeg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="135" /></span></a><br />
<br />
5.Super tweeter atau ribbon tweeter atau planar plate tweeter: adalah suatu tweeter khusus yang berfungsi sebagai penambah bila tweeter konvensional tidak dapat menghasilkan frekuensi tinggi( high ) yang diharapkan.Biasanya cakupa<br />
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5L-7eZWGoQ/Swn8IqjaAdI/AAAAAAAAABc/LXZJMA4hN9M/s1600/sup.jpeg"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img border="0" height="118" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABEE3%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="112" /></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-22009051385627503792012-02-14T02:01:00.000-08:002012-02-14T02:01:36.499-08:00POWER AMPLIFIER<div align="center"><b>300W Subwoofer Power Amplifier (Updated)</b><br />
<small>Rod Elliott (ESP)</small></div><div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style"> <a class="addthis_button_compact at300m" href="http://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=rode"><span class="at300bs at15nc at15t_compact"></span></a><span class="addthis_separator"><br />
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<b>Introduction</b> <br />
There are some important updates to this project, as shown below. Recent testing has shown that with the new ON Semi transistors it is possible to obtain a lot more power than previously. The original design was very conservative, and was initially intended to use 2SA1492 and 2SC3856 transistors (rated at 130W) - with 200W (or 230W) devices, some of the original comments and warnings have been amended to suit.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<blockquote><b><small>Updates<br />
30 Jul 2003</small></b> - OnSemi has just released a new range of transistors, designed specifically for audio applications. These new transistors have been tested in the P68, and give excellent results. As a result, all previous recommendations for output transistors are superseded, and the new transistors should be used. The output devices are MJL4281A (NPN) and MJL4302A (PNP), and feature high bandwidth, excellent SOA (safe operating area), high linearity and high gain. Driver transistors are MJE15034 (NPN) and MJE15035 (PNP). All devices are rated at 350V, with the power transistors having a 230W dissipation and the drivers are 50W.<br />
<small><b>23 Sept 2003 - </b></small>The new driver transistors (MJE15034/35) seem to be virtually impossible to obtain - ON Semi still has no listing for them on the website. The existing devices (well known and more than adequate) are MJE15032 (NPN) and MJE15033 (PNP), and these will substitute with no problems at all. It is also possible to use MJE340 and MJE350 as originally specified (note that the pinouts are <i>reversed</i> between the TO-126 and TO-220 devices). <br />
Note that some component values have been changed! The layout is the same, but the changes shown will reduce dissipation in Q7 and Q8 under light load conditions. <br />
Having built a couple of P68 amps using these transistors, I recommend them highly - the amplifier is most certainly at its very best with the high gain and linearity afforded by these devices. Note that there are a few minor changes to the circuit (shown below). <br />
With ±70V supplies, the input and current source transistors <i>must</i> be MPSA42 or similar - the original devices shown will fail at that voltage! Note that the MPSA42 pinout is different from the BC546s originally specified. Full details of transistor pinouts are shown in the construction article (available to PCB purchasers only).</blockquote>High power amps are not too common as projects, since they are by their nature normally difficult to build, and are expensive. A small error during assembly means that you start again - this can get very costly. I recommend that you use the PCB for this amplifier, as it will save you much grief. This is not an amp for beginners working with Veroboard!<br />
The amplifier can be assembled by a reasonably experienced hobbyist in about three hours. The metalwork will take somewhat longer, and this is especially true for the high continuous power variant. Even so, it is simple to build, compact, relatively inexpensive, and provides a level of performance that will satisfy most requirements.<br />
<b>WARNINGS:</b> <br />
<ul><li>This amplifier is not trivial, despite its small size and apparent simplicity. The total DC is over 110V (or as much as 140V DC!), and can kill you.</li>
<li>The power dissipated is such that great care is needed with transistor mounting.</li>
<li>The single board P68 is capable of full power duty into 4 Ohm loads, but only at the lower supply voltage.</li>
<li>For operation at the higher supply voltage, you <i>must</i> use the dual board version.</li>
<li>There is <small>NO SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION</small>. The amp is designed to be used within a subwoofer or other speaker enclosure, so this has not been included. A short on the output will destroy the amplifier.</li>
</ul><center><b><span style="color: red;">DO NOT ATTEMPT THIS AMPLIFIER AS YOUR FIRST PROJECT</span></b></center> <hr /><b>Description</b> Please note that the specification for this amp has been upgraded, and it is now recommended for continuous high power into 4 Ohms, <i>but</i> You will need to go to extremes with the heatsink (fan cooling is highly recommended). It was originally intended for "light" intermittent duty, suitable for an equalised subwoofer system (for example using the ELF principle - see the Project Page for the info on this circuit). Where continuous high power is required, another 4 output transistors are recommended, wired in the same way as Q9, Q10, Q11 and Q12, and using 0.33 ohm emitter resistors. <br />
Continuous power into 8 ohms is typically over 150W (250W for ±70V supplies), and it can be used without additional transistors at full power into an 8 ohm load all day, every day. The additional transistors are only needed if you want to do the same thing into 4 ohms at maximum supply voltage! Do not even <i>think</i> about using supplies over ±70V, and don't bother asking me if it is ok - it isn't!<br />
The circuit is shown in Figure 1, and it is a reasonably conventional design. Connections are provided for the Internal SIM (published elsewhere on the Project Pages), and filtering is provided for RF protection (R1, C2). The input is via a 4.7uF bipolar cap, as this provides lots of capacitance in a small size. Because of the impedance, little or no degradation of sound will be apparent. A polyester cap may be used if you prefer - 1uF with the nominal 22k input impedance will give a -3dB frequency of 7.2Hz, which is quite low enough for any sub.<br />
<center><img alt="Figure 1" border="1" height="400" src="http://sound.westhost.com/p68-f1.gif" width="703" /> <br />
<b><small>Figure 1 - Basic Amplifier Schematic</small></b></center> The input stage is a conventional long-tailed pair, and uses a current sink (Q1) in the emitter circuit. I elected to use a current sink here to ensure that the amp would stabilise quickly upon application (and removal) of power, to eliminate the dreaded turn on "thump". The amp is actually at reasonably stable operating conditions with as little as +/-5 volts! Note also that there are connections for the SIM (Sound Impairment Monitor), which will indicate clipping better than any conventional clipping indicator circuit. See the Project Pages for details on making a SIM circuit. If you feel that you don't need the SIM, omit R4 and R15.<br />
The Class-A driver is again conventional, and uses a Miller stabilisation cap. This component should be either a 500V ceramic or a polystyrene device for best linearity. The collector load uses the bootstrap principle rather than an active current sink, as this is cheaper and very reliable (besides, I like the bootstrap principle :-)<br />
<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><img height="37" src="http://sound.westhost.com/note.gif" width="108" /></td> <td>All three driver transistors (Q4, 5 & 6)must be on a heatsink, and D2 and D3 should be in good thermal contact with the driver heatsink. Neglect to do this and the result will be thermal runaway, and the amp will fail. For some reason, the last statement seems to cause some people confusion - look at the photo below, and you will see the small heatsink, 3 driver transistors, and a white "blob" (just to the left of the electrolytic capacitor), which is the two diodes pressed against the heatsink with thermal grease.<br />
<br />
C11 does not exist on this schematic, so don't bother looking for it. It was "mislaid" when the schematic was prepared, and I didn't notice until someone asked me where and what it was supposed to be. Sorry about that.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>It is in the output stage that the power capability of this amp is revealed. The main output is similar to many of my other designs, but with a higher value than normal for the "emitter" resistors (R16, R17). The voltage across these resistors is then used to provide base current for the main output devices, which operate in full Class-B. In some respects, this is a "poor-man's" version of the famous Quad current dumping circuit, but without the refinements, and in principle is the same as was used in the equally famous Crown DC300A power amps.<br />
Although I have shown MJL4281A and MJL4302A output transistors, because they are new most constructors will find that these are not as easy to get as they should be. The alternatives are MJL3281/ MJL1302 or MJL21193/ MJL21194.<br />
<blockquote><b><small>Note: It is no longer possible to recommend any Toshiba transistors, since they are the most commonly counterfeited of all. The 2SA1302 and 2SC3281 are now obsolete - if you do find them, they are almost certainly fakes, since Toshiba has not made these devices since around 1999~2000.</small></b></blockquote>Use a standard green LED. Do not use high brightness or other colours, as they may have a slighty different forward voltage, and this will change the current sink's operation - this may be a miniature type if desired. The resistors are all 1/4W (preferably metal film), except for R10, R11 and R22, which are 1W carbon film types. All low value resistors (3.3 ohm and 0.33 ohm) are 5W wirewound types.<br />
Because this amp operates in "pure" Class-B (something of a contradiction of terms, I think), the high frequency distortion will be relatively high, and is probably unsuited to high power hi-fi. At the low frequency end of the spectrum, there is lots of negative feedback, and distortion is actually rather good, at about 0.04% up to 1kHz. My initial tests and reports from others indicate that there are no audible artefacts at high frequencies, but the recommendation remains.<br />
<b>Power Dissipation Considerations</b><br />
I have made a lot of noise about not using this amp at ±70V into 4 ohms without the extra transistors. A quick calculation reveals that when operated like this, the worst case peak dissipation into a resistive load is 306W (4Ω/ ±70V supplies). The four final transistors do most of the work, with Q7 and Q8 having a relatively restful time (this was the design goal originally). Peak dissipation in the 8 output devices is around 70W each.<br />
Since I like to be conservative, I will assume that Q7 and Q8 in the updated schematic shown contribute a little under 1A peak (which is about right). This means that their peak dissipation is around 18W, with the main O/P devices dissipating a peak of 70W each. The specified transistors are 230W, and the alternatives are 200W, so why are the extra transistors needed?<br />
The problem is simple - the rated dissipation for a transistor is with a case temperature of 25°C. As the amp is used, each internal transistor die gets hot, as does the transistor case - the standard derating curves <i>must</i> be applied. Add to this the reactive component as the loudspeaker drives current back into the amp (<i>doubling</i> the peak dissipation), and it becomes all too easy to exceed the device limits. The <i>only</i> way that this amp can be used for continuous high power duty with ±70V supplies and a 4Ω loudspeaker load is to keep the working temperature down to the absolute minimum - that means four output devices per side, a big heatsink <i>and</i> a fan!<br />
<center><img alt="Figure 1a" border="1" height="400" src="http://sound.westhost.com/p68-f1a.gif" width="703" /> <br />
<b><small>Figure 1a - Double Output Stage</small></b></center> Figure 1A shows the doubled output stage, with Q9, Q10, Q11 and Q12 simply repeated - along with the emitter resistors. Each 1/2 stage has its own zobel network and bypass caps as shown, as this is the arrangement if the dual PCB version is built. When you have this many power transistors, the amp will happily drive a 4 ohm load all day from ±70V - with a big enough heatsink, and forced cooling. Over 500W is available, more than enough to cause meltdown in many speakers!<br />
<b>A Few Specs and Measurements</b><br />
The following figures are all relative to an output power of 225W into 4 ohms, or 30V RMS at 1kHz, unless otherwise stated. Noise and distortion figures are unweighted, and are measured at full bandwidth. Measurements were taken using a 300VA transformer, with 6,800uF filter caps.<br />
Mains voltage was about 4% low when I did the tests, so power output will normally be slightly higher than shown here if the mains are at the correct nominal voltage. Figures shown are measured with ±56V nominal, with the figure in (brackets) estimated for ±70V supplies.<br />
<br />
<blockquote><table><tbody>
<tr><td><br />
</td><td><b>8Ω</b></td><td><b>4Ω</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Voltage Gain</td><td>27dB</td><td>27dB</td></tr>
<tr><td>Power (Continuous)<img src="http://sound.westhost.com/filler.gif" /></td><td>153W (240W)<img src="http://sound.westhost.com/filler.gif" /></td><td>240W (470W)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Peak Power - 10 ms</td><td>185W (250W)</td><td>344W (512W)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Peak Power - 5 ms</td><td>185W (272W)</td><td>370W (540W)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Input Voltage</td><td>1.3V (2.0V) RMS</td><td>1.3V (2.0V) RMS</td></tr>
<tr><td>Noise *</td><td>-63dBV (ref. 1V)</td><td>-63dBV (ref. 1V)</td></tr>
<tr><td>S/N Ratio *</td><td>92dB</td><td>92dB</td></tr>
<tr><td>Distortion</td><td>0.4%</td><td>0.4%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Distortion (@ 4W)</td><td>0.04% (1 Khz)</td><td>0.04% (1 Khz)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Distortion (@ 4W)</td><td>0.07% (10 kHz)</td><td>0.07% (10 kHz)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Slew Rate</td><td>> 3V/us</td><td>> 3V/us</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<small>* Unweighted</small></blockquote>These figures are quite respectable, especially considering the design intent for this amp. While (IMO) it would not be really suitable for normal hi-fi, even there it is doubtful that any deficiencies would be readily apparent, except perhaps at frequencies above 10kHz. While the amp is certainly fast enough (and yes, 3V/us actually is fast enough - response extends to at least 30kHz, but not at full power), the distortion may be a bit too high.<br />
Note that the "peak power" ratings represent the maximum power before the filter caps discharge and the supply voltage collapses. I measured these at 5 milliseconds and 10 milliseconds. Performance into 4 ohm loads is not quite as good, as the caps discharge faster. The supply voltage with zero power measured exactly 56V, and collapsed to 50.7V at full power into 8 ohms, and 47.5V at full power into 4 ohms.<br />
<center><img alt="Photo of amp" border="1" height="337" src="http://sound.westhost.com/p68-pic.jpg" width="640" /> <br />
<b><small>Photo of Completed Prototype</small></b></center> The photo does not show the silk screened component overlay, since this is the prototype board. The final boards have the overlay (as do all my other boards). The observant reader will also see that the 5W resistor values are different from those recommended - this was an early prototype using 130W transistors.<br />
As can be seen, this is the single board version. The driver transistors are in a row, so that a single sheet aluminium heatsink can be used for all three. Holes are provided on the board so the driver heatsink can be mounted firmly, to prevent the transistor leads breaking due to vibration. This is especially important if the amp is used for a powered subwoofer, but will probably not be needed for a chassis mounted system.<br />
The driver and main heatsinks shown are adequate for up to 200W into 4 ohms with normal program material. The power transistors are all mounted underneath the board, and the mounting screw heads can be seen on the top of the board.<br />
Deceptively simple, isn't it?<br />
<hr /><b>Power Supply</b><br />
<br />
<table border="1"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ff0000"><b><span style="color: black;">WARNING: Mains wiring must be performed by a qualified electrician - Do not attempt the power supply unless suitably qualified. Faulty or incorrect mains wiring may result in death or serious injury.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>The basic power supply is shown in Figure 2. It is completely conventional in all respects. Use a 40-0-40 V transformer, rated at 300VA for normal use. For maximum continuous power, a 50-0-50V (500VA or more) transformer will be needed. This will give a continuous power of about 450W, and peak power of over 500W is possible with a good transformer. Remember my warnings about using the amp in this way, and the need for the additional output transistors, big heatsink and fan.<br />
<center><img alt="Figure 2" border="1" height="260" src="http://sound.westhost.com/p68-f2.gif" width="624" /> <br />
<b><small>Figure 2 - Basic Power Supply Circuit</small></b></center> For 115V countries, the fuse should be 6A, and in all cases a slow blow fuse is required because of the inrush current of the transformer. For anything above 300VA, a soft-start circuit is highly recommended (see <a href="http://sound.westhost.com/project39.htm">Project 39</a>).<br />
The supply voltage can be expected to be higher than that quoted at no load, and less at full load. This is entirely normal, and is due to the regulation of the transformer. In some cases, it will not be possible to obtain the rated power if the transformer is not adequately rated.<br />
Bridge rectifiers should be 35A types, and filter capacitors must be rated at a minimum of 63V (or 75V if you use 70V supplies). Wiring needs to be heavy gauge, and the DC must be taken from the capacitors - not from the bridge rectifier.<br />
Although shown with 4,700uF filter capacitors, larger ones may be used. Anything beyond 10,000uF is too expensive, and will not improve performance to any worthwhile degree. Probably the best is to use two 4,700uF caps per side (four in all). This will actually work better than a single 10,000uF device, and will be cheaper as well.<br />
<b><span>NOTE:</span></b> It is essential that fuses are used for the power supply. While they will not stop the amp from failing (no fuse ever does), they will prevent catastrophic damage that would result from not protecting the circuit from over-current conditions. Fuses can be mounted in fuseholders or can be inline types. The latter are preferred, as the supply leads can be kept as short as possible. Access from outside the chassis is not needed - if the fuses blow, the amplifier is almost certainly damaged.<br />
<br />
http://sound.westhost.com/project68.htmNURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-11085908186325373782012-02-13T20:47:00.000-08:002012-02-14T01:50:25.696-08:00SUBWOOFER AMPLIFIER<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">SUBWOOFER AMPLIFIER</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Deskripsi</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">.<br />
<span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">adalah diagram</span> <span class="hps">rangkaian</span> <span class="hps">penguat</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">sub</span> <span class="hps">woofer</span> <span class="hps">sepenuhnya</span> <span class="hps">yang dapat</span> <span class="hps">menghasilkan</span> <span class="hps">output</span> <span class="hps">100W.There</span> <span class="hps">tujuh</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">termasuk empat di</span> <span class="hps">tahap output</span>. <span class="hps">Q1</span> <span class="hps">Q2</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">dan bentuk</span> <span class="hps">tahap</span> <span class="hps">Preamplifier</span>. <span class="hps">Q4</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">Q7</span> <span class="hps">membentuk</span> <span class="hps">tingkat keluaran</span> <span class="hps">transistor.</span> <span class="hps">Karena tidak ada</span> <span class="hps">IC</span> <span class="hps">yang digunakan</span> <span class="hps">sirkuit yang</span> <span class="hps">sangat kuat dan</span> <span class="hps">dapat</span> <span class="hps">dengan mudah</span> <span class="hps">dirakit</span> <span class="hps">pada suatu tujuan</span> <span class="hps">PCB</span> <span class="hps">umum.<a name='more'></a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit diagram</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan daftar</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Parts</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="100-w-subwoofer-amplifier-circuit" height="423" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="629" /></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/100-watt-sub-woofer-amplifier"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.circuitstoday.com/100-watt-sub-woofer-amplifier</span></a></div><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Unit ini</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="hps">dimaksudkan untuk</span> <span class="hps">dihubungkan ke</span> <span class="hps">amplifier</span> <span class="hps">stereo mobil</span> <span class="hps">yang ada</span>, <span class="hps">menambahkan</span> <span class="hps">ekstra</span> <span class="hps">sering diperlukan</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span>pukulan" <span class="hps">musik</span> <span class="hps">dengan mengemudi</span> <span class="hps">subwoofer</span>. <span class="hps">Sebagai</span> <span class="hps">frekuensi sangat</span> <span class="hps">rendah adalah</span> <span class="hps">Omnidirectional</span>, <span class="hps">penguat</span> <span class="hps">tunggal</span> <span class="hps">diperlukan untuk</span> <span class="hps">drive ini</span> <span class="hps">didedikasikan</span> <span class="hps">loudspeaker</span>. <span class="hps">Penguat</span> <span class="hps">daya yang digunakan</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">BTL</span> <span class="hps">yang baik</span> <span class="hps">dan murah</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Jembatan <span class="hps">Beban</span> <span class="hps">Terikat</span>) 13 <span class="hps">pin IC</span> <span class="hps">dibuat oleh Philips</span> <span class="hps">(sekarang</span> <span class="hps">NXP</span> <span class="hps">Semikonduktor</span>) <span class="hps">membutuhkan</span> <span class="hps">bagian yang sangat</span> <span class="hps">rendah jumlah</span> <span class="hps">dan mampu</span> <span class="hps">memberikan</span> <span class="hps">sekitar</span> <span class="hps">22W</span> <span class="hps">menjadi beban</span> <span class="hps">Ohm</span> <span class="hps">4</span> <span class="hps">pada tegangan</span> <span class="hps">aki mobil</span> <span class="hps">standar</span> <span class="hps">14.4V</span>.<span class="apple-style-span"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit diagram</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="22 watt car subwoofer amplifier circuit schematic" border="0" height="380" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="635" /></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.extremecircuits.net/"><b><span style="color: #3151a2; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">22 Watt Car Subwoofer Driver Circuit Diagram</span></b></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Parts:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
P1_____________10K Log Potentiometer<br />
P2_____________22K Dual gang Linear Potentiometer<br />
R1,R4___________1K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R2,R3,R5,R6____10K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R7,R8_________100K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R9,R10,R13_____47K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R11,R12________15K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R14,R15,R17____47K 1/4W Resistors<br />
R16_____________6K8 1/4W Resistor<br />
R18_____________1K5 1/4W Resistor<br />
C1,C2,C3,C6_____4µ7 25V Electrolytic Capacitors<br />
C4,C5__________68nF 63V Polyester Capacitors<br />
C7_____________33nF 63V Polyester Capacitor<br />
C8,C9_________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors<br />
C10___________470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor<br />
C11___________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor<br />
C12__________2200µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor<br />
D1______________LED any color and type<br />
Q1,Q2_________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistors<br />
IC1___________TL072 Dual BIFET Op-Amp<br />
IC2_________TDA1516BQ 24W BTL Car Radio Power Amplifier IC<br />
SW1____________DPDT toggle or slide Switch<br />
SW2____________SPST toggle or slide Switch capable of withstanding a current of at least 3A<br />
J1,J2__________RCA audio input sockets<br />
SPKR___________4 Ohm Woofer or two 8 Ohm Woofers wired in parallel<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit description:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sinyal stereo yang berasal dari output garis amplifier radio mobil dicampur pada masukan, dan setelah Level Control, sinyal memasuki IC1A buffer dan dapat fase terbalik dengan cara SW1. Kontrol ini dapat berguna untuk memungkinkan subwoofer berada dalam fase dengan pengeras suara pada radio mobil yang ada. Kemudian, frekuensi rendah 12dB/octave variabel pass filter yang dibangun sekitar IC1B, Q1 dan komponen terkait berikut, yang memungkinkan untuk menyesuaikan secara tepat frekuensi lulus rendah dari 70 sampai 150Hz. Q2, R17 dan C9 membentuk tegangan dc sederhana stabilizer untuk input dan sirkuit filter, berguna untuk menghindari interaksi rel positif dari power amplifier untuk bagian tingkat rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Notes:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">IC2 must be mounted on a suitable finned heatsink</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Due to the long time constant set by R17 and C9 in the dc voltage stabilizer, the whole amplifier will become fully operative about 15 - 30 sec. after switch-on.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Technical data:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<br />
<b>Output power (1KHz sinewave):</b><br />
22W RMS into 4 Ohms at 14.4V supply<br />
<b>Sensitivity:</b><br />
250mV input for full output<br />
<b>Frequency response:</b><br />
20Hz to 70Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R12<br />
20Hz to 150Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R11<br />
<b>Total harmonic distortion:</b><br />
17W RMS: 0.5% 22W RMS: 10%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Author:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> RedCircuits - <b>Copyright:</b> www.redcircuits.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/06/22-watt-car-subwoofer-amplifier.html"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/06/22-watt-car-subwoofer-amplifier.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">300W Subwoofer Power Amplifier (Updated)</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Rod Elliott (ESP)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">pengenalan</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="hps">Ada beberapa</span> <span class="hps">update</span> <span class="hps">penting untuk</span> <span class="hps">proyek ini</span>, <span class="hps">seperti yang ditunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">di bawah ini</span>. <span class="hps">Pengujian</span> <span class="hps">telah menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa dengan</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">baru</span> <span class="hps">ON</span> <span class="hps">Semi</span> <span class="hps">adalah mungkin</span> <span class="hps">untuk memperoleh</span> <span class="hps">kekuatan lebih banyak</span> <span class="hps">dari sebelumnya</span>. <span class="hps">Desain asli</span> <span class="hps">sangat</span> <span class="hps">konservatif, dan</span> <span class="hps">pada awalnya dimaksudkan</span> <span class="hps">untuk menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">2SC3856</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">2SA1492</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>dinilai di <span class="hps">130W</span>) <span class="hps">- dengan</span> <span class="hps">200W</span> <span class="hps">(atau</span> <span class="hps">230W</span>) perangkat, <span class="hps">beberapa komentar</span> <span class="hps">asli dan</span> <span class="hps">peringatan telah</span> <span class="hps">diubah</span> <span class="hps">sesuai</span>.<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">update</span><br />
<span class="hps">30 Jul 2003</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">OnSemi</span> <span class="hps">baru saja merilis</span> <span class="hps">berbagai baru</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span>, yang dirancang <span class="hps">khusus untuk</span> <span class="hps">aplikasi audio</span>. <span class="hps">Transistor ini</span> <span class="hps">baru telah</span> <span class="hps">diuji di</span> <span class="hps">P68</span>, <span class="hps">dan memberikan</span> <span class="hps">hasil yang sangat baik</span>. <span class="hps">Akibatnya</span>, semua <span class="hps">rekomendasi</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya untuk</span> <span class="hps">output transistor</span> <span class="hps">digantikan</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">baru harus digunakan</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">Perangkat</span> <span class="hps">output</span> <span class="hps">MJL4281A</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>NPN) dan <span class="hps">MJL4302A</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>PNP), <span class="hps">dan bandwidth</span> <span class="hps">fitur</span> <span class="hps">tinggi</span>, <span class="hps">SOA</span> <span class="hps">sangat baik</span> <span class="hps">(daerah</span> <span class="hps">operasi yang aman</span>), linieritas <span class="hps">tinggi dan</span> <span class="hps">keuntungan yang tinggi</span>. <span class="hps">Transistor</span> <span class="hps">driver</span> <span class="hps">MJE15034</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>NPN) dan <span class="hps">MJE15035</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>PNP). <span class="hps">Semua perangkat</span> <span class="hps">dinilai pada</span> <span class="hps">350V</span>, <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">transistor daya</span> <span class="hps">memiliki</span> <span class="hps">disipasi</span> <span class="hps">230W</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">driver</span> <span class="hps">50W</span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">23 September 2003</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">Transistor</span> <span class="hps">driver baru</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>MJE15034/35) <span class="hps">tampaknya</span> <span class="hps">hampir tidak mungkin</span> <span class="hps">untuk mendapatkan</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">ON</span> <span class="hps">Semi</span> <span class="hps">masih belum memiliki</span> <span class="hps">daftar</span> <span class="hps">bagi mereka</span> <span class="hps">di website.</span> <span class="hps">Perangkat yang ada</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>terkenal <span class="hps">dan lebih</span> <span class="hps">dari cukup</span>) adalah <span class="hps">MJE15032</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>NPN) dan <span class="hps">MJE15033</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>PNP), <span class="hps">dan ini akan</span> <span class="hps">gantikan dengan</span> <span class="hps">tanpa masalah sama sekali</span>. <span class="hps">Hal ini juga</span> <span class="hps">memungkinkan untuk menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">MJE340</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">MJE350</span> <span class="hps">sebagai awalnya</span> <span class="hps">ditentukan</span> <span class="hps">(perhatikan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">pinouts</span> <span class="hps">dibalik</span> <span class="hps">antara</span> <span class="hps">TO</span>-126 <span class="hps">dan TO</span>-220 <span class="hps">perangkat</span>).<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Perhatikan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa beberapa</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai komponen</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">berubah!</span> <span class="hps">Tata letak</span> <span class="hps">adalah sama</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi perubahan</span> <span class="hps">yang ditampilkan akan</span> <span class="hps">mengurangi disipasi</span> <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">P7</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">P8</span> <span class="hps">dalam kondisi</span> <span class="hps">beban ringan</span>.<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Setelah membangun</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">P68</span> <span class="hps">amp</span> <span class="hps">menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span>, <span class="hps">saya sarankan</span> <span class="hps">mereka sangat</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">penguat</span> <span class="hps">yang paling</span> <span class="hps">jelas</span> <span class="hps">di sangat</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">terbaik dengan</span> <span class="hps">keuntungan yang tinggi dan</span> <span class="hps">linearitas</span> <span class="hps">yang diberikan oleh</span> <span class="hps">perangkat ini</span>. <span class="hps">Perhatikan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa ada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa perubahan kecil</span> <span class="hps">ke sirkuit</span> <span class="hps">(ditampilkan di bawah</span>).<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Dengan</span> <span class="hps">±</span> <span class="hps">70V</span> <span class="hps">persediaan</span>, <span class="hps">input</span> <span class="hps">dan transistor</span> <span class="hps">sumber arus</span> <span class="hps">harus</span> <span class="hps">MPSA42</span> <span class="hps">atau serupa -</span> <span class="hps">perangkat</span> <span class="hps">asli</span> <span class="hps">yang ditampilkan</span> <span class="hps">akan gagal</span> <span class="hps">pada tegangan</span> <span class="hps">itu!</span> <span class="hps">Perhatikan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">pinout</span> <span class="hps">MPSA42</span> <span class="hps">berbeda dari</span> <span class="hps">BC546s</span> <span class="hps">semula ditentukan</span>. <span class="hps">Rincian lengkap tentang</span> <span class="hps">pinouts</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">ditunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">dalam artikel</span> <span class="hpsatn">konstruksi (</span>tersedia untuk <span class="hps">pembeli</span> <span class="hps">PCB</span> <span class="hps">saja)</span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Amp</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="hps">daya tinggi</span> <span class="hps">tidak terlalu umum</span> <span class="hps">sebagai proyek</span>, <span class="hps">karena mereka</span> <span class="hps">oleh alam</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">biasanya sulit</span> <span class="hps">untuk membangun</span>, <span class="hps">dan mahal</span>. <span class="hps">Sebuah</span> <span class="hps">kesalahan kecil</span> <span class="hps">selama perakitan</span> <span class="hps">berarti</span> <span class="hps">bahwa Anda</span> <span class="hps">mulai lagi</span> <span class="hps">- ini</span> <span class="hps">bisa menjadi sangat</span> <span class="hps">mahal</span>. <span class="hps">Saya sarankan</span> <span class="hps">agar Anda menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">PCB untuk</span> <span class="hps">amplifier ini</span>, <span class="hps">karena akan</span> <span class="hps">menghemat</span> <span class="hps">kesedihan</span> <span class="hps">banyak.</span> <span class="hps">Ini bukan</span> <span class="hps">untuk pemula</span> <span class="hps">amp</span> <span class="hps">bekerja dengan</span> <span class="hps">Veroboard</span>!<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Penguat</span> <span class="hps">dapat dirakit</span> <span class="hps">oleh</span> <span class="hps">hobi</span> <span class="hps">yang cukup</span> <span class="hps">berpengalaman dalam</span> <span class="hps">sekitar tiga</span> <span class="hps">jam</span>. <span class="hps">Logam</span> <span class="hps">akan mengambil</span> <span class="hps">agak lama</span>, <span class="hps">dan ini</span> <span class="hps">terutama berlaku</span> <span class="hps">untuk varian</span> <span class="hps">daya tinggi</span> <span class="hps">terus menerus</span>. <span class="hps">Meskipun demikian,</span> <span class="hps">sederhana</span> <span class="hps">untuk membangun</span>, <span class="hps">kompak</span>, <span class="hps">relatif murah</span>, <span class="hps">dan menyediakan tingkat</span> <span class="hps">kinerja</span> <span class="hps">yang akan memuaskan</span> <span class="hps">persyaratan yang paling</span>.<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">PERINGATAN</span>:<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">Penguat ini</span> <span class="hps">tidak sepele</span>, <span class="hps">meskipun ukuran</span> <span class="hps">kecil</span> <span class="hps">dan kesederhanaan</span> <span class="hps">jelas.</span> <span class="hps">DC</span> <span class="hps">total</span> <span class="hps">lebih dari</span> <span class="hps">110V</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>atau sebanyak <span class="hps">140V</span> <span class="hps">DC</span>!), <span class="hps">Dan dapat</span> <span class="hps">membunuh Anda</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">Kekuatan</span> <span class="hps">hilang</span> <span class="hps">adalah seperti</span> <span class="hps">bahwa perawatan</span> <span class="hps">besar diperlukan</span> <span class="hps">dengan me-mount</span> <span class="hps">transistor.</span><br />
<span class="hps">Papan</span> <span class="hps">tunggal</span> <span class="hps">P68</span> <span class="hps">mampu</span> <span class="hps">tugas</span> <span class="hps">kekuatan penuh</span> <span class="hps">menjadi 4</span> <span class="hps">beban</span> <span class="hps">Ohm</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi hanya pada</span> <span class="hps">tegangan suplai</span> <span class="hps">yang lebih rendah</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">Untuk operasi</span> <span class="hps">pada tegangan</span> <span class="hps">suplai yang lebih tinggi</span>, <span class="hps">Anda</span> <span class="hps">harus menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">versi</span> <span class="hps">dua dewan</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">TIDAK ADA</span> <span class="hps">PERLINDUNGAN</span> <span class="hps">SIRKUIT</span> <span class="hps">PENDEK</span>. <span class="hps">Amp</span> <span class="hps">dirancang untuk</span> <span class="hps">digunakan dalam</span> <span class="hps">subwoofer</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">kandang</span> <span class="hps">pembicara lain</span>, <span class="hps">jadi ini</span> <span class="hps">belum</span> <span class="hps">disertakan</span>. <span class="hps">Sebuah</span> <span class="hps">singkat</span> <span class="hps">pada output</span> <span class="hps">akan menghancurkan</span> <span class="hps">penguat</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">JANGAN MENCOBA</span> <span class="hps">INI</span> <span class="hps">SEBAGAI</span> <span class="hps">PROYEK</span> <span class="hps">AMPLIFIER</span> <span class="hps">PERTAMA</span> <span class="hps">ANDA</span></span></div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-86574646984739398412012-02-13T20:44:00.000-08:002012-02-13T20:44:15.242-08:00CARA MENGKALIBRASI OPTIK DVD PLAYER<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal">How to perform an optical calibration of your dvd player</div><div class="MsoNormal">How electronics editor</div><div class="MsoNormal">This article was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the demand media studios community. All articles go trough an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in a effort to provide reliable information.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">By an ehow contributor. If you’d like to perform an optical calibration of your dvd player, there are a few thing you should consider. First of all, this isn’t the kind of operation that’s generally done in the home. If you don’t know what you’re doing, it’s very likely that you’ll damage instead of fix the dvd player. If you still want to continue, follow these steps.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Difficulty:</div><div class="MsoNormal">Moderately challenging</div><div class="MsoNormal">Instructions</div><div class="MsoNormal">Things you’ll need</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Isopropyl alcohol</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Cotton swab</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Remove any discs that are in the dvd player and move the dvd tray to its extended position. Unplug the dvd player to avoid getting shocked when you perform the optical calibration. </div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Take off the outer casing of the dvd player removing the screws or sliding the top plate out of the locked position. This should expose the dvd deck and lens of the dvd player.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Direct your attention to the mechanism that actually moves the dvd. This is located in the dvd deck and should have a part that resembles a train track. It’s the part you need to focus on. You may have to move this mechanism to its extended position in other to see the lens.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Study the lens. Make sure your problem isn’t as simple as a lens cleaning. It’s a good idea to clean the lens thoroughly with isopropyl alcohol before attempting to recalibrate the device.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Look under or directly around the lens. There will be a tiny pin and bolt system device that reads the light from the laser. This is the mechanism that needs adjusting.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Using caution, adjust the pin slightly in the direction of the lens and then plug in the dvd player. Using a system of trial and error, adjust the pin until the device reads the disc properly, this may take a few attempts to get it right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph">Cara untuk melakukan kalibrasi optik dvd player Anda<br />
Bagaimana elektronik Editor<br />
Artikel ini dibuat oleh seorang penulis profesional dan diedit oleh editor copy berpengalaman, baik anggota yang berkualitas dari komunitas media yang permintaan studio. Semua artikel pergi melalui proses editorial yang mencakup pedoman materi pelajaran, meninjau plagiarisme, fakta-memeriksa, dan langkah lain dalam upaya untuk memberikan informasi yang dapat dipercaya.<br />
Oleh kontributor eHow. Jika Anda ingin melakukan kalibrasi optik dvd player Anda, ada beberapa hal yang harus Anda pertimbangkan. Pertama-tama, ini bukan jenis operasi yang umumnya dilakukan di rumah. Jika Anda tidak tahu apa yang Anda lakukan, sangat mungkin bahwa Anda akan merusak, bukan memperbaiki dvd player. Jika Anda masih ingin melanjutkan, ikuti langkah-langkah.<br />
Kesulitan:<br />
Cukup menantang<br />
Instruksi<br />
Hal yang harus<br />
- Isopropil alkohol<br />
- Kapas swab<br />
1. Hapus semua disk yang ada di dvd player dan memindahkan nampan dvd ke posisi diperpanjang. Cabut dvd player untuk menghindari terkejut ketika Anda melakukan kalibrasi optik.<br />
2. Lepaskan casing luar dari dvd player menghapus sekrup atau geser pelat atas dari posisi terkunci. Ini harus mengekspos dek dvd dan lensa dari dvd player.<br />
3. Mengarahkan perhatian Anda ke mekanisme yang benar-benar bergerak dvd. Ini terletak di dek dvd dan harus memiliki bagian yang menyerupai jalur kereta api. Ini adalah bagian yang Anda butuhkan untuk fokus. Anda mungkin harus pindah mekanisme ini untuk posisi diperpanjang di lain untuk melihat lensa.<br />
4. Studi lensa. Pastikan masalah Anda tidak yang sederhana seperti membersihkan lensa. Ini adalah ide yang baik untuk membersihkan lensa dengan alkohol isopropil secara menyeluruh sebelum mencoba untuk mengkalibrasi ulang perangkat.<br />
5. Carilah di bawah atau langsung di sekitar lensa. Akan ada pin kecil dan baut perangkat sistem yang membaca cahaya dari laser. Ini adalah mekanisme yang membutuhkan penyesuaian.<br />
6. Menggunakan hati-hati, sesuaikan pin sedikit di arah lensa dan kemudian pasang di dvd player. Menggunakan sistem trial and error, sesuaikan pin sampai perangkat membaca disk dengan benar, ini dapat mengambil beberapa upaya untuk mendapatkan yang benar.</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-89637248813194377342012-02-13T20:42:00.001-08:002012-02-13T20:42:13.063-08:00POWER SUPPLY SWITCHING<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://elektronika-elektronika.blogspot.com/2007/06/switching-power-supply-untuk-sebuah.html">Switching Power Supply, untuk sebuah efisiensi yang baik.</a> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat ini peralatan elektronika yang menggunakan adaptor semakin banyak dan semakin beraneka ragam. Mulai dari peralatan elektronik yang murah seperti radio sampai dengan handphone. Kebutuhan adaptor sebagai sebuah alternatif sebagai pengganti baterai lebih disukai karena baterai tidak dapat tahan lama dan secara otomatis membuat biaya operasional sebuah alat elektronik tersebut menjadi lebih besar. Dengan sebuah adaptor tidak lagi dibutuhkan baterai tetapi kelemahannya tidak dapat dibawa-bawa dengan mudah karena adapator harus selalu tersambung ke jaringan listrik PLN.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetapi walaupun demikian adaptor tetap digunakan. Dari berbagai macam adaptor yang terdapat dipasaran, adaptor konvensional dengan transformator penurun tegangan serta regulator tegangan sederhana lebih banyak ditemukan daripada adaptor dengan teknologi <i>switching</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adaptor juga dikenal dengan nama power supply. Power suplai yang baik harus mampu memberikan tegangan regulasi yang baik serta mampu memberikan arus yang cukup kepada beban. Tegangan yang tidak terregulasi pada output power supply dapat menyebabkan perlatan elektronika yang menggunakan power supply tersebut akan rusak terutama bagian regulasi tegangan (jika ada) tetapi jika peralatan tersebut tidak membunyai rangkaian regulasi tegangan internal maka dapat dipastikan perlatan elektronik tersebut akan rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkaian regulasi tegangan yang baik tidaklah sederhana dan pada kesempatan kali ini akan dibahas mengenai power supply dengan rangkaian regulasi switching. Power supply dengan regulasi switching ini lebih dikenal sebagai power supply switching. Kelebihan power supply switching adalah efisiensi daya yang besar sampai sekitar 83% jika dibandingkan dengan power supply dengan regulasi biasa yang menggunakan LM78xx. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efisiensi yang rendah pada regulator LM78xx dikarenakan kelebihan tegangan input regulator akan dirubah menjadi panas sehingga sebagian besar daya input akan hilang karena dirubah menjadi panas tersebut. Bagaimanapun juga semua regulator harus mendapatkan tegangan input yang lebih tinggi daripada tegangan regulasi output untu mendapatkan tegangan yang teregulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm19EkU32xI/AAAAAAAACB0/j-owpIm-zNs/s1600-h/IMAGE002.JPG"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm19EkU32xI/AAAAAAAACB0/j-owpIm-zNs/s400/IMAGE002.JPG" border="0" height="177" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="616" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1<br />
Blok Diagram Switching Regulator</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan regulasi dihasilkan dengan cara men-switching transistor seri ‘on’ atau ‘off ’. Dengan demikian duty cycle-nya menentukan tegangan DC rata-rata. Duty cycle dapat diatur melalui feedback negatif. Feedback ini dihasilkan dari suatu komparator tegangan yang membandingkan tegangan DC rata-rata dengan tegangan referensi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regulator switching pada dasarnya mempunyai frekuensi yang konstan untuk men-switching transistor seri. Besarnya frekuensi switching tersebut harus lebih besar dari 20KHz agar frekuensi switching tersebut tidak dapat didengar oleh manusia. Frekuensi switching yang terlalu tinggi menyebabkan operasi switching transistor tidak efisien dan juga dibutuhkan inti ferrit yang besar atau yang mempunyai permeabilitas tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk regulator switching dengan transistor seri dapat digunakan frekuensi switching (<i>unibase frequncy</i>) pada 200KHz. Pada frekuensi ini masih dapat digunakan transistor darlington biasa dengan bandwidth minimum pada 1MHz seperti 2N6836 dengan maksimum frekunsi switching pada 10MHz atau BDW42 dengan maksimum frekuensi 4MHz. Besarnya bandwidth ini sangat berpengaruh pada efisiensi kerja switching regulator tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk dioda clamp harus digunakan dioda dengan karakteristik fast recovery rectifier atau dikenal dengan dioda schottky. Dioda ini berguna untuk mempertahankan titik kerja dari switching transistor dengan melakukan ‘clamp’ (memotong) tegangan spike yang dihasilkan oleh transistor switching tersebut. Salah satu dioda schottky adalah 1N5819 dengan tegangan breakdown pada 40V. Kelebihan dari dioda schottky adalah kecepatan responnya terhadap penyerahkan tegangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkaian Regulator Switching</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat berbagai macam rangkaian regulator switching tetapi semua rangkaian regulator tersebut selalu mempunyai 4 elemen dasar :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Switching Transistor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioda Clamp</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LC Filter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkaian kontrol </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa variasi dari rangkaian regulator switching. Perbedaaanya adalah pada posisi transistor switchingnya. Variasi regulator switching tersebut dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transistor seri merupakan transistor yang diseri antara tegangan sumber (+DC Unregulated) dan tegangan output regulasi (+Vo). Untuk rangkaian pada gambar 2c dan 2d cocok untuk rangkaian kontrol tegangan teregulasi pada industri karena rangkaian kontrolnya terpisah/terisolasi dengan transistor serinya. Biasanya antara rangkaian kontrol dengan transistor serinya dipisahkan dengan menggunakan optoisolator (MOCxx atau 4N3x).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada rangkaian pada gambar 2a dan 2b, rangkaian kontrolnya mendapatkan tegangan dari output tegangan teregulasi sehingga rangkaian tidak akan ‘start’ jika tidak diberi tegangan awal. Sedangkan pada rangkaian 2c dan 2d rangkaian kontrolnya mendapatkan tegangan dari +DC Unregulated sehingga akan tetap bekerja walaupun terjadi kerusakan/kesalahan pada Remote Sense atau Induktor yang menyebabkan tegangan output regulasi menjadi nol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
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</span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm176EU32vI/AAAAAAAACBk/1S0HRH42bGo/s1600-h/1.JPG"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm176EU32vI/AAAAAAAACBk/1S0HRH42bGo/s400/1.JPG" border="0" height="547" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="621" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Variasi Switching Regulator</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filter Input dan Penyearah Input</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyearah input dan filter input terdiri dari penyearah bridge (<i>full wave rectifier</i>) dan sebuah filter kapasitor. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dari regulasi maka resistor seri tidak digunakan. Perlu diperhatikan dalam memilih dioda bridge yang digunakan karena terdapat arus ‘<i>surge</i>’ yang besarnya sampai kira-kira 12A. Arus ‘<i>surge</i>’ merupakan arus pengisian kapasitor pada saat rangkaian regulator ini dihidupkan pertama kali. Arus ‘<i>surge</i>’ ini menjadi besar karena tidak terdapat resistor seri. Rangkaian penyearah dan filter input ini akan menghasilkan tegangan DC yang tidak teregulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Output Filter</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkaian filter output tidak terlalu rumit. Rangkaian filter output hanya terdiri dari induktor (L) dan kapasitor (C). Nilai induktor dan nilai kapasitor yang digunakan dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan persamaan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm15C0U32tI/AAAAAAAACBU/Qr-qNyR18OQ/s1600-h/IMAGE006.GIF"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm15C0U32tI/AAAAAAAACBU/Qr-qNyR18OQ/s400/IMAGE006.GIF" border="0" height="76" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="233" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm12b0U32sI/AAAAAAAACBM/FqtakmH45yM/s1600-h/IMAGE008.GIF"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm12b0U32sI/AAAAAAAACBM/FqtakmH45yM/s400/IMAGE008.GIF" border="0" height="76" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="229" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimana v<sub>o</sub> = tegangan ripple yang diinginkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V<sub>o </sub>= tegangan regulasi output.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V<sub>in </sub>= tegangan DC tak teregulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f = frekuensi switching.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah rangkaian regulator yang baik harus mempunyai tegangan ripple harus sekecil mungkin. Tegangan ripple harus dalam level puluhan mV bahkan lebih kecil. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk nilai kapasitor yang digunakan biasanya menggunakan 2 kali nilai yang didapatkan dari persamaan di atas karena Faktor disipasi dari kapasitor elektrolit untuk frekuensi tinggi tidak terlalu baik Dapat juga digunakan kapasitor tantalum dengan nilai sedikit di atas nilai yang dihasilkan oleh persamaan di atas. Selain itu filter output juga berfungsi sebagai filter adanya tegangan spike yang ditimbulkan oleh switching transistor (kondisi terburuk) agar tidak sampai ke perlatan elektronik (beban).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sehingga di dalam mendisain sebuah regulator switching diperlukan parameter-parameter :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan input tak teregulasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan output teregulasi yang diinginkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frekuensi kerja dari switching transistor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arus output dari regulator switching</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan ripple output teregulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain bandwidth dari transistor switching, arus kolektor (Ic) dan tegangan kolektor-emitor (V<sub>CE</sub>) juga perlu diperhatikan dalam proses disain regulator switching ini. Arus kolektor (Ic) akan mempengaruhi besarnya arus output yang dapat disupply oleh regulator switching dalam kondisi normal. Sedangkan tegangan kolektor-emitor (V<sub>CE</sub>) akan mempengarui tegangan input (tegangan DC tak teregulasi) yang dapat diterima oleh transistor switching tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ide Dasar Operasi Kerja Switching Regulator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingginya efisiensi dari regulator switching ii dipengaruhi oleh efisiensi kerja dari switching transistor seri. Pada saat transistor switching ‘ON’ maka semua tegangan input akan dilewatkan filter LC. Pada saat transistor switching ‘OFF’ maka tegangan input tidak akan melewati transistor switching sehingga tegangan yang masuk ke filter LC adalah nol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sehingga dengan duty cycle 50% maka transistor switching akan ‘ON’ atau ‘OFF’ dalam sela waktu yang sama dan tegangan rata-rata yang dihasilkan dari kondisi ini dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm102EU32rI/AAAAAAAACBE/6vRLQWFTiv4/s1600-h/IMAGE010.GIF"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm102EU32rI/AAAAAAAACBE/6vRLQWFTiv4/s400/IMAGE010.GIF" border="0" height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="67" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimana D = Duty Cycle dari transistor switching.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan dari duty cycle ini akan mempengaruhi besarnya tegangan output teregulasi. Sehingga untuk mengkompensasi penurunan/kenaikan tegangan input tidak teregulasi dapat diatur dengan merubah duty cycle dari transistor switching ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi ‘ON’-‘OFF’ dari transistor switching ini terjadi berulang-ulang sehingga dengan duty cycle yang tetap akan menghasilkan gelombang kotak yang periodik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm1zx0U32qI/AAAAAAAACA8/FkWYK0fTEXY/s1600-h/IMAGE012.JPG"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YF5WDLLK2nA/Rm1zx0U32qI/AAAAAAAACA8/FkWYK0fTEXY/s400/IMAGE012.JPG" border="0" height="239" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="584" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Operasi Dasar Switching Regulator</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat switch tertutup maka I<sub>L</sub> akan mengalir dari V<sub>in</sub> ke beban. Karena terdapat perbedaan tegangan antara tegangan output dan tegangan input maka I<sub>L</sub> akan naik. Pada saat switch terbuka maka energi yang tersimpan di dalam induktor akan memaksa agar I<sub>L </sub>tetap mengalir ke beban, I<sub>L</sub> akan turun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arus rata-rata yang melewati induktor sama dengan arus beban. Karena tegangan Vo dijaga konstan oleh kapasitor maka Io akan konstant. Ketika I<sub>L</sub> naik di atas Io maka kapasitor akan diisi dan pada saat I<sub>L</sub> turun di bawah Io maka kapasitor akan discharge.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi ini akan terus berulang sehingga akan menghasilkan suatu gelombang yang periodik dan operasi kerja regulator dalam kondisi steady state. Operasi dalam kondisi steady state ini akan menghasilkan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan rata-rata pada induktor akan = 0 sampai Vo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arus DC yang mengalir dari induktor akan sama dengan arus yang mengalir ke beban. Akan muncul tegangan ripple yang kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegangan DC pada kapasitor sama dengan tegangan beban dengan tegangan ripple yang kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan pada arus beban (Io) sangat sukar dikompensasi dan respon transien dari beban pada umumnya tidak baik. Jadi perubahan pada arus beban akan menyebabkan perubahan duty cycle sementara. Ada beberapa kasus yang terjadi jika arus beban berubah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duty cycle akan naik sampai maksimal (100%) sehingga transistor switching akan selalu ‘ON”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Induktor memerlukan beberapa waktu untuk menaikan level tegangan DC yang baru. Kondisi ini diperngaruhi oleh permeabilitas dari inti ferrit yang digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duty cycle kembali pada nilai semula.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OLeh Susanto Wibisono Koselan</span></b><b><span style="color: #000066; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://elektronika-elektronika.blogspot.com/2007/06/switching-power-supply-untuk-sebuah.html">http://elektronika-elektronika.blogspot.com/2007/06/switching-power-supply-untuk-sebuah.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1>RANGKAIAN POWER SUPPLY SWITCHING 5V </h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9qUcTZUGHXA/Su3SrhyEBXI/AAAAAAAAAXk/bE-6qe8z4Jw/s1600-h/Power+supply+Switching.gif"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9qUcTZUGHXA/Su3SrhyEBXI/AAAAAAAAAXk/bE-6qe8z4Jw/s400/Power+supply+Switching.gif" border="0" height="177" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="320" /></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Regulator</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">switching yang</span> <span class="hps">digunakan</span> <span class="hps">LM2575</span>-5.0 <span class="hps">di halaman ini</span>. <span class="hps">Anda dapat membuat</span> <span class="hps">tegangan</span> <span class="hps">yang stabil</span> <span class="hps">dengan menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">regulator</span> <span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">LM317</span> <span class="hps">terminal</span> <span class="hps">3</span>. <span class="hps">Namun,</span> <span class="hps">karena arus</span> <span class="hps">listrik</span> <span class="hps">output dan</span> <span class="hps">arus</span> <span class="hps">listrik</span> <span class="hps">dimasukkan</span> <span class="hps">adalah sama</span> <span class="hps">kira-kira</span>, <span class="hps">perbedaan</span> <span class="hps">antara</span> <span class="hps">daya input</span> <span class="hps">listrik</span> <span class="hps">(</span>x <span class="hps">masukan</span> <span class="hps">tegangan</span> <span class="hps">input</span> <span class="hps">arus listrik</span>) <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">daya keluaran</span> <span class="hps">(</span>output tegangan <span class="hps">x</span> <span class="hps">arus keluaran</span> <span class="hps">The</span>) <span class="hps">dikonsumsi sebagai</span> <span class="hps">panas</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">regulator</span>. <span class="hps">Karena itu</span>, <span class="hps">efisiensi</span> <span class="hps">tidak baik</span>.<br />
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<span class="hps">Lembar data untuk</span> <span class="hps">LM2575</span><br />
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<span class="hps">SEDERHANA</span> <span class="hps">Switcher</span> <span class="hps">1A</span> <span class="hps">Langkah</span>-Down <span class="hps">Voltage Regulator</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://skema-rangkaian-elektronika.blogspot.com/2009/11/rangkaian-power-supply-switching-5v.html">http://skema-rangkaian-elektronika.blogspot.com/2009/11/rangkaian-power-supply-switching-5v.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.national.com/pf/LM/LM2575.htm">http://www.national.com/pf/LM/LM2575.htm</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h2>Metoda Penyediaan Sumber Daya DC</h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dari berbagai ragam barang atau peralatan elektronik yang kita jumpai saat ini, akan kita dapati bahwa hampir semua bagian bagiannya dijalankan oleh sumber tenaga satu arah (DC). Penyediaan sumber tenaga DC tersebut dapat dalam bentuk baterai ataupun sumber daya (power supply) DC yang mana keluaran DC nya tidak hanya harus tersaring (filter) dengan bersih tetapi juga teregulasi dengan baik. Dalam sistim pengubahan daya, terdapat empat jenis proses yang telah dikenal yaitu sistim pengubahan daya AC ke DC, DC ke DC, DC ke AC, dan AC ke AC. Masing masing sistim pengubahan memiliki keunikan aplikasi tersendiri, namun ada dua yang implementasinya kemudian berkembang pesat dan luas yaitu sistim pengubahan AC ke DC (DC power supply) dan DC ke DC (DC-DC converter). Teknologi penyediaan tenaga DC telah mengalami evolusi selama bertahun tahun dari menggunakan pipa vakum (vacuum tube) yang berukuran besar dan sekaligus berbahaya karena bertegangan tinggi, sampai kepada metoda penyediaan yang memanfaatkan teknologi solid state dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil dan berkapasitas tegangan yang lebih rendah sehingga relatif lebih aman. Lain daripada itu, seperti yang telah disebut sebelumnya, bahwa penyediaan sumber tenaga DC ini memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam penggunaan barang barang elektronik, maka dari itu peralatan penyedia sumber tenaga DC ini, seperti power supply DC dan pengubah DC-DC (DC-DC converter), menjadi salah satu bidang elektronik yang meraih pasaran yang besar. Tercatat bahwa penjualan power supply DC dan DC-DC converter diseluruh dunia tahun lalu mencapai angka 5 milyar dolar AS . Angka ini akan terus menanjak, seiring dengan bertambahnya konsumen barang barang eletronik dewasa ini maupun dimasa mendatang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya, perkembangan teknologi penyediaan tenaga DC tidak hanya berkisar pada kemampuan untuk mengurangi atau menambah kapasitas daya serta menurunkan dimensi fisik, tetapi juga pada cara pengolahan daya itu sendiri. Pada mulanya metoda yang digunakan dikenal dengan nama tipe linier (linear mode). Pada sistim pengubahan AC ke DC, tipe linier bercirikan penggunaan kombinasi transformer 50/60Hz yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses penyearah (rectifier), penyaring (filter), dan akhirnya pengatur linier (linear regulator). Oleh karena pengolahan frekuensi 50/60Hz inilah maka tipe linier cenderung menghasilkan alat penyedia daya DC yang relatif besar ukurannya, karena komponen yang dipakai untuk mengolah 50/60 Hz tersebut seperti transformer maupun kapasitornya akan berukuran besar pula. Kemudian lahir tipe ke dua yang dikenal sebagai tipe peralihan atau switching (switching mode), yang tidak hanya menghasilkan penyediaan daya DC yang jauh lebih efisien dari tipe linier, tetapi juga relatif lebih kecil dan ringan ukurannya. Pada tipe switching, strategi yang dipakai adalah dengan menghilangkan proses pengolahan frekuensi 50/60 Hz melalui proses penyearah (rectification) langsung dari voltase masukan, kemudian keluaran dari penyearah tadi mengalami proses pemotongan (chopped) sehingga menghasilkan deretan pulsa yang berfrekuensi (switching frequency) tinggi, sekitar 20 kHz sampai 500 kHz, lalu diteruskan ke transformer yang tentunya juga berfrekuensi tinggi, hingga pada akhirnya ke filter untuk hasil keluaran akhir. Sebagai akibat pengolahan daya melalui frekuensi tinggi inilah maka tipe swtiching menghasilkan produk akhir yang ukuran dan beratnya akan lebih kecil dari tipe linier. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Linier</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa fungsi yang masuk dalam proses pengubahan daya AC ke DC adalah sebagai berikut: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengubahan Tegangan atau Voltase, berfungsi untuk mengubah tegangan listrik yang tersedia dari jaringan distribusi transmisi listrik ke level yang diinginkan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyearah, sebagai pengubah arah tegangan atau voltase dari AC ke DC</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filter atau penyaring, bertugas sebagai pembersih gelombang keluaran dari riak (ripple<i>)</i> yang berasal dari proses penyearahan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan (regulation), bertujuan untuk mengendalikan tegangan keluaran sehingga menjadi stabil walaupun terjadi variasi atau perubahan pada suhu, beban, maupun tegangan masukan dari jaringan transmisi listrik</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Idealnya, pengubahan daya ke DC memiliki karateristik seperti misalnya efisiensi 100%, gelombang keluaran yang tetap (constant output) walaupun dihadapkan pada variasi dari voltase transmisi (untuk power supply DC), arus pada beban, maupun suhu. Karakteristik ideal lainnya adalah tidak memiliki impedansi pada terminal keluaran (zero impedance output) untuk setiap jenjang frekuensi, dan juga tidak memiliki gangguan (noise) maupun ripple pada gelombang keluaran. </span><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g1.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menunjukkan perbedaan dalam hal pengaturan beban dan ripple pada gelombang keluaran antara pengubah yang ideal dan yang praktis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="193" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="516" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g1.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Karakteristik ideal dan praktis pada pengubah ke DC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya, pada </span><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g2.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat dilihat dua buah contoh rangkaian yang umum dipakai untuk menghasilkan daya DC dari daya AC yaitu rangkaian dengan konfigurasi Center-Tapped Transformer dan Penyearah Bridge (Bridge Rectifier). Kedua contoh tersebut memakai penyearah jenis gelombang penuh (full wave rectifier) yang mengakibatkan tingkatan ripple yang minimum pada gelombang keluaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada konfigurasi Center-Tapped Transformer, hanya terdapat dua buah dioda didalamnya dan dengan demikian hanya ada satu penjatuhan tegangan (voltage drop) pada dioda disetiap jalur arus dari transformer ke filter kapasitor. Lain halnya dengan konfigurasi Bridge yang menggunakan empat buah dioda, sehingga mengakibatkan dua voltage drop pada dioda disetiap jalur arus dari sisi transformer ke sisi filter. Namun demikian, walaupun Center-Tapped memiliki keuntungan pemakaian komponen yang lebih sedikit, namun setiap dioda paling tidak harus menahan tegangan balik (reverse voltage) yang besarnya dua kali lipat dari pada setiap dioda yang digunakan pada konfigurasi Bridge. Pada </span><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g2.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> juga terlihat adanya blok yang berisikan pengatur linier (Linear Regulator). Blok tersebut tidak lain berfungsi sebagai pengatur level daya sesuai dengan level yang diminta oleh beban dan secara bersamaan juga menekan tingkat ripple pada gelombang keluaran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="274" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" width="380" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g2.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dua jenis rangkaian tipe linier</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Peralihan (Switching)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Power Supply tipe switching menjadi semakin populer pemakaiannya karena tipe ini memberikan penyediaan daya DC yang efisiensi dan densitas dayanya sangat tinggi dibandingkan dengan tipe linier. Untuk lebih jelasnya, beberapa perbandingan antara kedua tipe tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesifikasi</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Linier</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Switching</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan Beban (Load regulation) <br />
Variasi Gelombang Keluaran (Output Ripple) <br />
Variasi Voltase masukan (Input Voltage Range) <br />
Efisiensi <br />
Densitas Daya (Power Density) <br />
Waktu Peralihan (Transient Recovery)</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.02-0.01% <br />
0.5-2 mV rms <br />
+/- 10% <br />
40-55% <br />
0.5 W/in^3 <br />
50 usec</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.1-1.0% <br />
25-100 mV p-p <br />
+/- 50% <br />
60-80% <br />
2.3 W/in^3 <br />
300 usec</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1. Perbandingan antara tipe Linier dan Switching </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknologi penyediaan daya DC melalui tipe switching sebenarnya bukan merupakan hal yang baru. Teknologi tersebut sudah mulai dikembangkan sejak sekitar tahun 60-an dan penggunaannya sangat terbatas pada aplikasi militer dan ruang angkasa karena komponen switch yang masih mahal dan kemampuan dayanya juga terbatas. Namun, karena semakin pesatnya perkembangan teknologi solid state termasuk didalamnya, pembuatan solid state switch, maka kedua halangan tersebut semakin lama semakin berkurang sehingga produksi tipe switching ini pun merembet perkembangannya ke lapangan industri, penelitian, pendidikan dan lain sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari segi efisiensi, tipe linier tidak begitu baik, karena pada prosesnya hasil keluaran penyearah diturunkan tegangannya melalui pengatur linier (linear regulator), dan selisih antara tegangan yang masuk dan tegangan yang dihasilkan dibuang dalam bentuk panas. Akibat penyerapan panas (pembuangan energi) yang besar dalam proses tipe linier tersebut sehingga efisiensinya pun menjadi kecil. Sedangkan pada tipe switching, perbaikan efisiensi dicapai dengan cara pengaturan medan magnet akibat selisih tegangan masukan dengan keluaran. Pengaturan yang dimaksud berhubungan dengan proses penyimpanan dan pembuangan energi magnet yang mana pada waktu komponen penyimpan energi magnet sampai pada titik energi tertentu, maka switch yang dipakai untuk mengirim daya ke sisi beban dimatikan (off state), dan komponen penyimpan energi magnet tadi kemudian mengambil alih tugas switch untuk mengirim daya yang tersimpan menuju ke sisi beban. Apabila ‘tabungan’ energi magnet tadi hampir habis, maka switch kembali dihidupkan (on state) untuk mengambil alih kembali tugas pengiriman daya ke beban dan secara bersamaan mulai menyimpan kembali energi magnet untuk mengulang proses yang sama. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="226" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="360" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g3.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 3</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Rangkaian dasar Flyback Regulator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu topologi dari power supply tipe switching adalah dengan metoda flyback (flyback regulator) seperti yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3. Pengaturan besarnya daya keluaran melalui komponen switch dikendalikan dengan metoda modulasi lebar pulsa atau PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) dimana semakin lama switch berstatus ON semakin banyak energi yang disimpan dalam transformer dan semakin besar pula daya yang dikirim ke beban. Selain itu, untuk menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang stabil, maka tegangan tersebut dapat diumpan balik dan dibandingkan dengan tegangan referensi (reference voltage) dan selisihnya kemudian dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan lamanya switch berstatus ON dan OFF. Pada gambar 4, dapat dilihat konfigurasi lengkap dari metoda Flyback tersebut. Sebutan lain power supply tipe switching adalah tipe "off-line" karena tegangan DC yang menjadi masukan adalah melalui proses penyearah langsung dengan penyearah Bridge dari sisi AC atau dari jaringan listrik dengan tanpa menggunakan transformer 50 atau 60 Hz. Pada rangkaian yang sama juga terlihat adanya sistim umpan balik yang harus terisolasi dari sisi AC dengan menggunakan transformer ukuran kecil ataupun dengan opto-isolator. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="181" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="383" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g4.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 4</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Rangkaian lengkap Flyback Regulator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak power supply dari tipe switching yang memiliki lebih dari satu keluaran. Banyaknya keluaran tersebut akan sangat berguna karena sering kita jumpai bermacam peralatan elektronika seperti halnya dalam sistim komputer yang membutuhkan tegangan atau daya yang berbeda beda untuk bermacam bagian atau komponen didalamnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" width="343" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g5.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 5</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Rangkaian Flyback dengan keluaran lebih dari satu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 5 menunjukkan salah satu rangkaian Flyback yang dapat menghasilkan lebih dari satu keluaran. Pada gambar tersebut terlihat bahwa hanya satu keluaran saja yang memiliki umpan balik, sehingga keluaran keluaran yang lain tidak akan begitu teregulasi dengan baik. Masih banyak lagi contoh topologi lainnya yang digunakan untuk penyediaan daya DC baik itu dengan satu atau lebih keluaran seperti misalnya pengubah Forward, Buck, Boost, Cuk, Push-Pull, Full Bridge, Half Bridge, Sepic dan lain lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendistribusian Daya Pada Power Supply</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satu hal yang juga penting dalam implementasi power supply adalah cara pemasangan yang sesuai untuk pendistribusian beban. Salah satu kesalahan umum dalam menghubungkan pengubah daya seperti power supply pada beban terlihat pada gambar 6. Dalam rangkaian paralel seperti ini, tegangan pada satu beban akan bergantung pada arus listrik yang mengalir pada beban lainnya dan putaran DC (DC ground loop) pun terbentuk. Beban nomor 3 akan menerima tegangan yang paling rendah. Konfigurasi seperti ini sedapat mungkin dihindari, kecuali pada aplikasi yang memerlukan arus listrik keluaran yang relatif rendah dimana tegangan yang berkurang karena konduktor yang menghubungi beban tidak begitu berpengaruh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="214" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" width="309" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g6.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 6</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Distribusi Paralel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik dari rangkaian paralel adalah rangkaian yang diberi nama Radial seperti pada Gambar 7. Satu pasang terminal positive dan negative pada semua beban dihubungkan dengan kabel langsung dari terminal keluaran pengubah daya. Dengan demikian maka tidak akan terjadi ground loop, dan pengaruh beban satu terhadap beban lainnya akan menjadi kecil. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" width="302" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24g7.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 7</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Distribusi Radial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam memilih sistim pengubah daya baik itu dari daya AC ke DC maupun DC ke DC, pertama kali kita dihadapkan pada pilihan antara tipe linier atau switching. Pilihan mana yang kita ambil tentu saja tergantung dari aplikasi yang akan dibuat dengan batasan atau spesifikasi yang tersedia. Misalnya saja, untuk aplikasi dimana ukuran ataupun berat bukan merupakan hal yang penting, maka tipe linier lah yang paling sesuai karena selain sederhana dalam rancangannya juga sangat baik dalam pengaturan beban dan juga sangat kecil tingkat ripple dan noise pada keluarannya. Namun untuk aplikasi dimana fleksibilitas, dimensi fisik dan efisiensi tinggi sangat berperan seperti misalnya pada aplikasi ruang angkasa, maka tipe switchinglah yang menjadi solusinya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian dan pengembangan teknologi pengubahan daya, terutama pada tipe switching, masih terus berlangsung dengan aktif sampai saat ini. Hal tersebut bervariasi dari yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan teknik yang lebih meningkatkan efisiensi, investigasi pengolahan daya yang dapat mengurangi daya yang hilang (power loss) pada komponen switch, penelitian berbagai macam aplikasi sistim pengubah daya, sampai pada pencarian alternatif penggunaan komponen switch yang cepat sehingga dapat meningkatkan kecepatan frekuensi switching. Tambahan lagi, seperti sudah disebut sebelumnya bahwa bisnis peralatan pengubah daya tersebut, saat ini telah mencapai 5 milyar dolar AS pertahunnya dan akan terus meningkat dengan bertambahnya konsumen atau pemakai paralatan elektronika. Oleh karena itu, sangatlah disayangkan jika Indonesia tidak ikut berperan aktif dalam menggunakan peluang yang baik tersebut untuk penelitian, pengembangan, maupun pemasaran teknologi sistim pengubahan daya yang relatif tidak mahal dan tidak sulit untuk diterapkan di Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">q</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh Taufik <br />
Penulis adalah peneliti pada laboratorium Mekatronik dan mahasiswa program S3 teknik Elektro, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24.html">http://elektroindonesia.com/elektro/elek24.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/switching-regulator-variabel-l4970/">Switching Regulator Variabel L4970</a></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/switching-regulator-variabel-l4970/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Switching Regulator Variabel L4970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Switching Regulator Variabel L4970</span></a> ini dapat mensupplay arus masimal 10A dengan tegangan output yang dapat diatur dari 0 – 25 VDC. Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/switching-regulator-variabel-l4970/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Switching Regulator Variabel L4970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Switching Regulator Variabel L4970</span></a> ini dibangun dengan <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/category/datasheet/" target="_blank" title="datasheet"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">komponen</span></a> utama IC <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/l4970/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in L4970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">L4970</span></a> sebagai Switching Regulator nya. Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/switching-regulator-variabel/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Switching Regulator Variabel"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Switching Regulator Variabel</span></a> <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/l4970/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in L4970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">L4970</span></a> ini termasuk tidak rumit untuk dibuat sendiri, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah IC <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/l4970/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in L4970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">L4970</span></a> tersebut yang memerlukan pendingin yang cukup agar dapat bekerja secara optimal dan tahan lama. Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/switching-regulator-variabel/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Switching Regulator Variabel"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Switching Regulator Variabel</span></a> L4970 secara lengkap dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/switching-regulator-variabel/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Switching Regulator Variabel"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Switching Regulator Variabel</span></a> L4970</h3><div align="center" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Switching-Regulator-Variabel-L4970.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Switching Regulator Variabel L4970,Switching Regulator,Switching Regulator Variabel,L4970,rangkaian Switching Regulator,membuat Switching Regulator,rangkaian Switching Regulator Variabel,rangkaian L4970,power supply Switching Regulator,power supply Switching" border="0" height="258" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg" width="421" /></span></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tegangan output <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/category/rangkaian-elektronika-aplikatif/" target="_blank" title="Kumpulan Rangkaian Elektronika"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">rangkaian</span></a> Switching Regulator Variabel L4970 tersebut dapat di kontrol dengan mengatur tus potensiometer 18KOhm.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/switching-regulator-variabel-l4970/">http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/switching-regulator-variabel-l4970/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/power-supply-switching-90-watt/">Power Supply Switching 90 Watt</a></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/power-supply-switching/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Power Supply Switching"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Power Supply Switching</span></a> dalam <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/" target="_blank" title="belajar elektronika"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">artikel</span></a> ini mampu mensupply daya 90 Watt. Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/power-supply-switching/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Power Supply Switching"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Power Supply Switching</span></a> ini dibangun secara langsung dari sistem jaringan AC menggunakan IC khusus <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/category/power-supply/" target="_blank" title="Power Supply"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">power supply</span></a> switching <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/mc33374/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in MC33374"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">MC33374</span></a> yang berupa High Voltage Power Switching Regulator dan dengan <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/category/datasheet/" target="_blank" title="datasheet"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">komponen</span></a> external pendukung yang lain. IC <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/mc33374/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in MC33374"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">MC33374</span></a> merupakan IC <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/category/power-supply/" target="_blank" title="Power Supply"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">power supply</span></a> switching yang didesain dapat beroperasi dengan sumber tegangan AC dan bekerja sebagai <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/power-switching/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in power switching"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">power switching</span></a> dengan teknik flyback converter. Rangkaian Power Supply Switching ini memiliki output DC 15 Volt dengan arus maksimal 6 Ampere.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/power-supply-switching-90-watt/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Power Supply Switching 90 Watt"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Power Supply Switching 90 Watt</span></a></h3><div align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="409" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg" width="624" /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rangkaian <a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/tag/power-supply-switching-90-watt/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Power Supply Switching 90 Watt"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Power Supply Switching 90 Watt</span></a> ini bekerja dengan cara menyearahkan sumber AC kemudian digunakan untuk mengaktifkan sistem converter MC33374. Output converter MC33374 dari transformator switching kemudian di searahkan lagi sebagai tegangan DC yang akan digunakan untuk supply perangkat elektronik.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/power-supply-switching-90-watt/">http://belajar-elektronika.com/power-supply/power-supply-switching-90-watt/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://circuitpowersupply.blogspot.com/">http://circuitpowersupply.blogspot.com/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="http://muslimahelektro.blogspot.com/2010/03/overview-of-switching-power-supply.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An Overview of Switching Power Supply</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan penyedia daya tersaklar untuk berbagai aplikasi semakin digemari karena dapat mencapai efisiensi tinggi (hingga 90% untuk desain yang baik). Terdapat berbagai macam rangkaian penyedia daya jenis ini, tetapi semua rangkaian regulator tersebut selalu mempunyai 4 elemen dasar : Saklar Daya, Dioda Clamp, LC Filter, Rangkaian kontrol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_stHax5s-M40/S47kxBaU4RI/AAAAAAAAAHA/qpKSSYgm824/s1600-h/smps1.bmp"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_stHax5s-M40/S47kxBaU4RI/AAAAAAAAAHA/qpKSSYgm824/s400/smps1.bmp" border="0" height="296" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg" width="474" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat dilihat pada gambar di atas bahwa saklar daya dengan frekuensi tinggi sebagai bagian pokok dari system penyedia daya tersaklar. Tegangan masukan yang telah disearahkan diturunkan sesuai dengan keluaran yang diharapkan oleh rangkaian pengendali saklar. Konfigurasi rangkaian penyaklaran pada umumnya dikembangkan dari rangkaian buck dan boost yang ditunjukkan oleh gambar berikut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_stHax5s-M40/S47mxowGgBI/AAAAAAAAAHI/2s9gTirnIpc/s1600-h/smps2.bmp"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_stHax5s-M40/S47mxowGgBI/AAAAAAAAAHI/2s9gTirnIpc/s320/smps2.bmp" border="0" height="257" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.jpg" width="347" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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Salah satu penampilan ibukota akumulasi aktualitas lingkup kemampuan beradaptasi yang disajikan adalah bahwa regulator tegangan tetap mengakui LM7805 adalah menyesuaikan diri di sirkuit, tegangan prestasi adalah variabel. Hal ini dicapai dengan berbatasan potensiometer di tengah terminal yang diterima IC regulator dan tanah. Untuk setiap aksesi 100-ohm dalam jumlah di-sirkuit dari gesekan potensiometer VR1, meningkat tegangan 1 volt prestasi oleh. Dengan demikian, prestasi bervariasi dari 3.7V ke 8.7V (mempertimbangkan tahunan 1,3 volt dioda D1 manik atas dan D2).<br />
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Kasih sayang lain yang penting dari akumulasi adalah bahwa ia mati sendiri kembali jumlah tidak berafiliasi di atas terminal prestasi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan saran dari transistor T1 dan T2, dioda D1 dan D2, dan kapasitor C2. Kembali jumlah yang berafiliasi pada output, abeyant manik atas dioda D1 dan D2 (sekitar 1.3v) diterima untuk transistor T2 dan T1 untuk melakukan. Akibatnya, siaran akan energi dan arang dalam iringan bahwa terus sebagai arang jumlah terhubung. Pada saat tersebut, kapasitor C2 mendapat jawab untuk sekitar 7-8 volt abeyant melalui transistor T2. Tapi kembali jumlah terputus, transistor T2 terputus. Namun, kapasitor C2 masih jawab dan mulai absolusi melalui hina transistor T1. Setelah beberapa waktu (yang pada dasarnya dibengkokkan oleh jumlah C2), siaran RL1 adalah de-energized, yang akan mematikan listrik ke SD menganggap agen X1. Untuk melanjutkan kemampuan lagi, tentang wajah S1 harus magang sebentar. Tinggi jumlah kapasitor C2, tambah akan menjadi ditutupnya dalam mematikan kemampuan akumulasi pada istirahat dari beban, dan sebaliknya hawa nafsu.<br />
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Meskipun dalam leluhur agen dengan tegangan dari 12V-aksesori 0V, 250mA itu digunakan, tentang dapat menderita sebagai klaim per pengguna (sampai 30V maksimum dan 1-ampere Peringkat diterima.). Untuk kartun ditambahkan dari saat ini 300mA, regulator IC muatan disesuaikan dengan calefaction bayi melahirkan melalui isolator mika. Kembali tegangan aksesori transformator meningkat di atas 12 volt (RMS), potensiometer VR1 biaya akan redimensioned. Juga, penilaian tegangan siaran harus redetermined.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://skema-rangkaian.blogspot.com/2010/01/self-switching-power-supply-circuit.html">http://skema-rangkaian.blogspot.com/2010/01/self-switching-power-supply-circuit.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="274" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.jpg" width="618" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">2 Watt Switching Power Supply Schematic</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selasa, 14 Juni, 2011</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">Browse »Home</span>» <span class="hps">Power Supply</span> <span class="hps">»</span>2 <span class="hps">Watt</span> <span class="hps">Power Supply</span> <span class="hps">Switching</span><br />
<span class="hps">2</span> <span class="hps">Watt</span> <span class="hps">Switching</span> <span class="hps">Power Supply</span><br />
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<span class="hps">2</span> <span class="hps">Watt</span> <span class="hps">Switching Power</span> <span class="hps">Supply2</span> <span class="hps">Watt</span> <span class="hps">Power Supply</span> <span class="hps">Switching</span> <span class="hps">Skema</span><br />
<span class="hps">Dalam</span> <span class="hps">Pasokan</span> <span class="hps">2 Power</span> <span class="hps">Switching</span> <span class="hps">Watt</span> <span class="hps">kecil</span>, <span class="hps">osilator</span> <span class="hps">mengaktifkan</span> <span class="hps">Schmitt</span> <span class="hps">menyesuaikan diri</span> <span class="hps">untuk drive</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">switching yang</span> <span class="hps">makanan</span> <span class="hps">diterima</span> <span class="hps">induktor</span> <span class="hps">bayi.</span> <span class="hps">Energi</span> <span class="hps">disimpan dalam</span> <span class="hps">induktor</span> <span class="hps">saat</span> <span class="hps">transistor aktif</span>, <span class="hps">dan muncul</span> <span class="hps">ke</span> <span class="hps">lingkup</span> <span class="hps">kembali</span> <span class="hps">jumlah</span> <span class="hps">transistor</span> <span class="hps">nonaktif</span>. <span class="hps">Tegangan</span> <span class="hps">prestasi</span> <span class="hps">abased</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">atrisi</span> <span class="hps">jumlah dan</span> <span class="hps">terikat oleh</span> <span class="hps">dioda</span> <span class="hps">zener</span> <span class="hps">yang berhenti</span> <span class="hps">osilator</span> <span class="hps">kembali</span> <span class="hps">ceruk</span> <span class="hps">tegangan</span> <span class="hps">sekitar 14</span> <span class="hps">volt</span>. <span class="hps">Tegangan</span> <span class="hps">tinggi atau lebih rendah</span> <span class="hps">dapat diperoleh</span> <span class="hps">dengan menyesuaikan</span> <span class="hps">tegangan yang</span> <span class="hps">afiliasi</span> <span class="hps">feed</span> <span class="hps">dioda zener</span>. <span class="hps">Kemampuan</span> <span class="hps">adalah sekitar</span> <span class="hps">80</span>% <span class="hps">aplikasi</span> <span class="hps">induktor</span> <span class="hps">Q</span> <span class="hps">udara.</span></span><span class="hps"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://schematic-audio.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-watt-switching-power-supply.html">http://schematic-audio.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-watt-switching-power-supply.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-58794472532637269492012-02-13T20:41:00.001-08:002012-02-14T01:53:16.356-08:00BAGIAN-BAGIAN VCD PLAYER<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bagian-Bagian VCD Player </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sistem kerja vcd player.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mekanik VCD Player.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Optic VCD PLayer .<br />
Drive Unit VCD Player.<br />
MPEG VCD Player.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang selama ini tidak pernah melihat komponen vcd player inilah gambarnya. silahkan dipelajari........</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h3 style="font-weight: normal;">Bagian-Bagian VCD Player , Sistem kerja vcd player. Mekanik VCD Player. Optic VCD PLayer . Drive Unit VCD Player. MPEG VCD Player. A. MENGANALISA OPTIK Optik adalah piranti di dalam VCD maupun DVD player yang berfungsi untuk membaca kepingan cakram CD. Jika optic mengalami gangguan atau kerusakan maka hal ini sangat berpengaruh besar karena dapat disimpulkan bahwa optic merupakan inputan / awalan dari sebuah pembacaan data dari CD. Optic sangat berperan penting di dalam cara kerja sebuah VCD maupun DVD player. Optic yang terdiri dari laser dan lensa yang menjadi perangkat utama dalam memfokuskan pembacaan data dari piringan menggunakan penembakan sistem laser, biasanya laser ini sangat kompatibel dengan jenis piringan CD. Kalau CD bekerja pada laser dengan panjang gelombang 780 nanometer, sedangkan untuk DVD pada 635 atau 650 nanometer. Dari segi cara kerja, cara kerja DVD Player tak ada bedanya dengan cara kerja CD Player, karena keduanya memiliki komponen optik yang mampu menyorotkan sinar laser berwarna merah ke arah permukaan piringan, atau tepatnya ke permukaan layer dari suatu piringan CD maupun DVD. Didalam Prinsip kerja DVD Player, yang paling fundamental terletak pada pemfokusan dari laser ketika melakukan pembacaan pit-pit dijalur trak, karena titik kerjanya harus dapat terfokus pada setiap permukaan bidang pantul. Ini sangat menentukan terutama waktu menjalankan jenis piringan DVD yang memiliki double-layer , karena dalam satu muka terdapat dua lapis reflektor yang masing-masing memiliki jarak yang berbeda, sehingga titik fokusnya juga tidak sama. Untuk lapis pertama dibuat sebagai bidang reflektif semi-transparan, dimana laser juga harus mampu menembusnya ketika membaca data pada layer inti yang berada di lapis kedua. Setiap sorotan laser akan langsung mengenai lapisan pemantul bahan polycarbonate dari piringan DVD, kemudian dipantulkan kembali ke komponen opto-electronic yang bertugas mendeteksi setiap perubahan cahaya yang dipantulkan. Jadi dari opto-electronic tersebut kemudian diterjemahkan menjadi kode-kode binary yang biasa disebut bit. Pekerjaan paling berat dalam sistem pembacaan dari piringan DVD adalah pada saat menjaga posisi sorotan laser yang harus tetap fokus ditengah-tengah jalur trak data.Tugas ini dibebankan pada tracking system yang selalu bergerak kontinu dari tengah ke pinggir piringan, sehingga akan terjadi pergeseran laser dari arah dalam bergerak keluar secara linier. Kecepatan dari pembacaan datanya juga berlangsung konstan, ini dapat kita buktikan melalui gerakan motor spindle yang berputar semakin lambat ketika mata laser mulai menuju ke pinggir piringan DVD. B. KERUSAKAN DAN GANGUAN PADA OPTIK DAN CARA PERBAIKANNYA 1. Optik Tidak Bisa Membaca Disk Optik tidak bisa membaca disk bisa karena tiga hal: 1. lensa kotor 2. lensa yang terbakar. 3. kumparan spull yang lemah. Cara –cara mengatasinya : 1. Jika optic kotor, kita dapat menggunakan disk cleaner. Jika ingin hasil maksimal, buka terus bersihkan menggunakan cotton butt. atas dan bawah lensa optiknya. Kemudian bersihkan juga diafragma penerima sinyal optik (letaknya agak masuk ke samping dalam). Hati-hati, jangan sampai menggores optik! 2. Jika lensa optiknya terbakar, maka kita terpaksa harus menggantinya .3. Jika kumparan sepulnya yang sudah lemah, disetel lagi ke ukuran standarnya. 4. Kemungkinan focus optic lemah, harus bantu setel focus dengan setelan yang ada di samping optik sedikit sedikit saja. 5. Kabel flexibel patah sebagian. Ini membuat disc-nya tidak bisa baca ke track tengah sampai terakhir, karena optik menarik ke belakang flexibelnya terputus. 2. DVD/VCD PLAYER NO DISK 1. Di karenakan debu, kalau ini terjadi kita harus membongkar tutupnya dan kita harus memakai cotton butt (korek kuping). Tidak diperkenankan memakai cairan kimia dan detergent. dengan cara sisi cotton buds ada 2 sisi, sisi yang satu kita basahi dengan memakai air/alkohol kalau tidak ada keduanya kita memakai (ma`af ini seperti pengalaman saya) pakai air ludah, ujung cotton buds kita oleskan di optic tersebut kurang lebih 30 detik,kemudian cotton buds kita balik sisi yang tidak dipakai air itu yang berfungsi untuk mengelap yangg tadi dibersihkan kurang lebih sama 30 detik. 2. Dikarenakan motor optic macet karena kotoran atau debu halus, maka kita harus melakukan dengan cara mengebrak player itu kurang lebih 2-3 kali. Cara menggebraknya adalah sebagai berikut: Keluarkan piringan dari dalam player, lepaskan kabel power dari sumber listrk. Kemudian angkat player dengan tangan kiri dengan sisi terbalik, ayunkan (menggebrak) tangan kanan ke sisi player sebanyak 2-3 kali dengan posisi telapak tangan melebar ke 5 jarinya. Dalam menggebrak jangan terlalu pelan dan jangan terlalu keras (tidak di perkenankan memakai alat-alat /benda keras). 3. Dikarenakan setelan optic kurang pas. Kalau ini terjadi kita harus menyiapkan obeng plus (+) degan ukuran kecil, dibelakang optic ada putaran baut coba kita putar kekanan sekitar 2 mm, posisi player harus keadaan OFF/MATI. Apabila langkah A-E tidak membawakan hasil, segeralah bawa DVD/VCD player anda ke service centre atau tempat service terdekat yang ahli dalam bidangnya. 3. GAMBAR YANG DIHASILKAN DARI VCD MAUPUN DVD PLAYER MACET-MACET. 1. Ada kemungkinan optik kotor. Jika hal ini terjadi bersihkan lensanya dengan cotton butt yang sudah diolesi dengan alkohol. 2. Periksa juga CD anda, apakah sudah banyak goresan atau tidak. Jika masih bagus coba bersihkan dengan pembersih CD. 3. Jika ke 2 hal diatas sudah anda lakukan tetapi masih ada masalah, berarti optik anda sudah lemah. Dan sudah waktunya untuk menggantinya dengan yang baru. Catatan : 1. untuk mendeteksi apakah optik bekerja normal yaitu : Apabila power di on kan seharusnya pada lensa optiknya ada sinar warna merah. Jika tidak ada, maka kemungkinan optik sudah rusak. 2. Apabila power di on kan (untuk optik VCD) maka lensanya akan bergerak naik turun. Jika diam saja, maka optik rusak. 3. Setelah power di on kan, maka optik dengan bantuan mekanik akan bergerak menuju tempat kita meletakkan CD. Jika tidak bergerak mendekati tempat meletakkan CD maka ada kerusakan di bagian mekanik (mungkin dinamonya sudah rusak). C. PERAWATAN DVD MAUPUN VCD PLAYER Jangan biasakan terutama optic DVD/VCD terlalu sering di paksakan untuk memutar disk yang rusak, kotor, patah, banyak goresan, noda tinta, air, sidik jari. Karena akan memperpendek umur optik itu sendiri. Mengapa? Karena optic berfungsi hampir sama dengan mata kita, yaitu untuk membaca. Seandainya mata kita terus menerus dipaksakan membaca di tempat yang gelap (tempat yang gelap itu kita anggap saja disk yang kotor,rusak dan lain sebagainya) maka hasilnya akan lain dengan optic yang dipakai untuk memutar disk yang bersih akan berumur lebih panjang (apabila tidak ada kesalahan dari pabrik pembuatnya) biar itu DVD/VCD murahan kalau kita memakai disk dengan keadaan bersih, dengan sedikit gores, tidak ada noda akan awet. Sebelum memutar disk ke player biasakan untuk membersihkan dengan tisu kering yang halus agar debu dan sidik jari kita yang kotor tidak menempel di piringan tersebut. Untuk hasil yang maksimal kita gunakan disk yang original karena bahannya lebih berkualitas daripada disk bajakan. Agar optik membaca disk lebih cepat, usahakan 3 bulan sekali (umur player sudah lebih dari 1 tahun) untuk membuka player (apabila sudah tidak bergaransi) untuk membersihkan dengan cara sederhana. Pertama cukup meniup-niup dengan mulut kita tanpa alat bantu lainnya. Kedua dengan cotton butt (korek kuping), caranya sama membersihkan telinga kita bedanya kalau membersihkan optic sisi korek kuping satunya di basahi dengan sedikit air, sisi satunya dibiarkan kering yang berfungsi untuk mengeringkan optic setelah dibersihkan dengan cutton butt basah tadi. Perbaikan DVD Player NO DISC Artikel saya kali ini membahas tentang Perbaikan DVD Player yang di lengkapi dengan USB PORT dengan kerusakan yang saya angkat dari pertanyaan rekan blogger pada pekan lalu melalui email saya dengan pertanyaan”Kenapa DVD saya bisa memutar lagu/gambar memakai Flashdisk tetapi tidak bisa memutar atau NO DISC pada saat saya masukkan piringan/DVD disc?” Kemudian jawaban langsung diterbitkan di blog saya ini biar para blogger dan rekan-rekan lainnya bisa tahu yang sudah tahu biar tambah pintar.Tetapi artikel ini tidak berlaku untuk barang yang bergaransi dan bagi tehknisi handal,artikel ini di peruntukkan bagi yang hanya bisa mendengarkan,menonton dan menyetel lagu dan film saja. cara pertama adalah sebagai berikut: 1.lepas kabel dari sumber listrik 2.Buka penutup mesin dari DVD itu biasanya ada 7 baut,2 samping kanan,2 samping,3 di belakang. 3.Buka baut yang yang memegangi laci keluar masuk piringan dengan body bawah dari dvd tsb dengan obeng plus. 4 Lepas kabel-kabel baik kabel biasa maupun kabel fleksibel yang menghubungkan antara MPEG,optik dan alat lainnya yang menempel di laci tersebut open close tsb. 5.Angkat dan semprotkan tepat di motor pemutar disc dengan pelumas elektronik(contoh:philip,wd40,dll). 6.Pasang kembali dengan arah kebalikan dari melepas. 7.Masukakan colokan ke sumber listrik 8.Nyalakan Power DVD dan masukkan disc,apabila cara pertama ini tidak berhasil lanjutkan dengan cara kedua Langkah 1-4 sama, 5.Lepas motor dari kedudukanya dengan solder listrik,ganti dengan yang baru (hrg dari R15.000-…)lanjutkan dengan langkah 6-8 apabila masih NO DISC lanjutkan dengan cara ke tiga, Ganti optik dengan yang baru (hrg Rp.80.000~….),Apabila masih No disc Ganti DVD anda dengan yang baru! terima kasih atas bantuan dari rekan-rekan semuanya,saya sangat menghargai apabila anda menambahkan artikel ini karena satu kalimat sangat berharga bagi saya. </h3><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://imalmullerr.blogspot.com/2010/08/bagian-bagian-vcd-player-sistem-kerja.html">http://imalmullerr.blogspot.com/2010/08/bagian-bagian-vcd-player-sistem-kerja.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>Nama : Aris Feri muamar<br />
Kelas/No :1 ik2/08<br />
Troubleshooting VCD Player<br />
Aris Feri Muamar<br />
E-mail: feri_ik2@yahoo.co.id<br />
VCD (Video Compact Disc) merupakan salah satu alat perangkat elektronik rumah tangga yang popular.<br />
VCD player merupakan alat elektronik yang bias menghilangkan stress, Lhooo kok bisaaa….???.<br />
Karena dengan VCD Player seseorang bisa memutar musik yang dia senangi,film atau bahkan juga bisa karaoke dengan keluarga.<br />
Tapi bagaimana kloo VCD Player tersebut tiba-tiba mati atau gak nyala?? Pa ‘gak nambah stress kita!!!.<br />
Jangan sedih dulu disini ada beberapa cara/langkah-langkah untuk troubleshooting VCD.<br />
Kerusakan-kerusakan dan langkah-langkah troubleshooting<br />
1 VCD Player mati/ led indikator dan layar tidak nyala<br />
- Cek kabel AC (220 V) apa sudah tersambung dengan jala-jala listrik/PLN.<br />
- Cek saklar on/off pada VCD Player.<br />
- Cek regulator VCD.<br />
2 Gambar pada TV normal tapi suara tidak ada<br />
- Cek kabel audio yang menuju ke TV,mungkin putus atau kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian audio pada VCD, kemungkinan IC penguat rusak (ganti IC LM 324 atau JRC 4558).<br />
3 Suara ada tapi gambar tidak ada<br />
- Cek kabel video yang menuju ke TV,mungkin putus atau kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian video pada VCD kemungkinan penguat video rusak.<br />
4 Gambar dan suara tidak ada padahal LCD/layar nyala normal<br />
- Cek kabel audio-video yang menuju ke TV, mungkin putus/kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian-bagian video dan audio.<br />
- Bersihkan IC penguat video dan audio menggunakan thinner.<br />
- Panasi IC dengan Blower/uap panas.<br />
- Ganti Mpeg VCD.<br />
5 Gambar macet-macet<br />
- Cek optik VCD,bersihkan dengan kapas(cotton boat).<br />
- Ganti kabel optiknya.<br />
- Atur trimpot (Vr) yang ada didekat optik.<br />
- Ganti optik.<br />
6 Kaset tidak bisa keluar<br />
- Kerusakan ada dibagiuan mekanik.<br />
- Cek karet-karet pada mekanik.<br />
- Cek dinamo pada mekanik.<br />
- Cek gigi-gigi pada mekanik,kemudian beri pelumas(grease) pada gigi mekanik tersebut.<br />
- Cek gigi-gigi pada mekanik lagi,apakah ada yang sudah aus.<br />
- Ganti gigi mekanik.<br />
- Ganti mekanik.<br />
Demikian jenis-jenis kerusakan dan cara mencari kerusakan pada VCD Player,semoga dapat bermanfaat dan kapan-kapan disambung lagi.<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana kalau VCD Player tiba-tiba mati atau nggak berfungsi?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari kerusakannya dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah troubleshooting sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. VCD Player mati/ led indikator dan layar tidak nyala</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Cek kabel AC (220 V) apa sudah tersambung dengan jala-jala listrik/PLN.<br />
- Cek saklar on/off pada VCD Player.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Cek sekering/fuse pada VCD Player.<br />
- Cek regulator VCD.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Gambar pada TV normal tapi suara tidak ada</span><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Cek kabel audio yang menuju ke TV, mungkin putus atau kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian audio pada VCD, kemungkinan IC penguat rusak,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ganti IC LM 324 atau JRC 4558).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Suara ada tapi gambar tidak ada</span><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Cek kabel video yang menuju ke TV,mungkin putus atau kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian video pada VCD kemungkinan penguat video rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Gambar dan suara tidak ada padahal LCD/layar nyala normal</span><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Cek kabel audio-video yang menuju ke TV, mungkin putus/kurang connect.<br />
- Cek bagian-bagian video dan audio.<br />
- Bersihkan IC penguat video dan audio menggunakan thinner.<br />
- Panasi IC dengan Blower/uap panas.<br />
- Ganti Mpeg VCD.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Gambar macet-macet</span><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Cek optik VCD, bersihkan dengan kapas (cotton buds).<br />
- Ganti kabel optiknya.<br />
- Atur trimpot (Vr) yang ada didekat optik.<br />
- Ganti optik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Kaset tidak bisa keluar</span><span style="color: #4f402a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Kerusakan ada dibagiuan mekanik.<br />
- Cek karet-karet pada mekanik.<br />
- Cek dinamo pada mekanik.<br />
- Cek gigi-gigi pada mekanik,kemudian beri pelumas(grease) pada gigi mekanik tersebut.<br />
- Cek gigi-gigi pada mekanik lagi,apakah ada yang sudah aus.<br />
- Ganti gigi mekanik.<br />
- Ganti mekanik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">B. <u>Tip & trik memperbaiki DVD/VCD Player</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila DVD/VCD yg kita pakai sebelumnya lancar-lancar saja, nggak ada angin nggak ada hujan mendadak </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NO DISK<span style="color: black;">, banyak kemungkinan-kemungkinan yg menjadikan player itu no disk diantaranya :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Voltase listrik di bawah ketentuan yng tertera di belakang body DVD/VCD Antara 180 — 240V. Kalau ini terjadi kita perlu yg namanya STABILIZER. Harga stabilizer dari mulai Rp.25.000 - Rp.200.000.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Optical (mata kucing) lemah, berarti kita perlu menggantinya, optical untuk DVD antara Rp.35.000 - Rp.80.000, untuk optic VCD antara Rp.20.000 - 35.000 (blm termasuk ongkos pasang/service. Kalau mengganti optic tidak terlalu lama untuk menggatinya, sekitar 15 menit, termasuk bongkar dan pasang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di karenakan Debu, kalau ini terjadi kita harus membongkar tutupnya dan kita harus memakai yang namanya CUTTON BUDs (<i>korek kuping</i>) tidak di perkenankan memakai </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">cairan kimia<span style="color: #ff9900;"> </span><span style="color: black;">dan </span>detergent <span style="color: black;">dengan cara sisi cotton buds ada 2 sisi, sisi yg satu kita basahi dengan memakai air/alcohol, ujung cotton buds kita oleskan di optic tersebut kurang lebih </span>30 detik<span style="color: black;">, kemudian cotton buds kita balik sisi yng tidak dipakai air itu yg ber fungsi untuk mengelap yg tadi di bersihkan kurang lebih sama </span>30 detik </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah 4 (dari pengalaman service, kalau tidak terpaksa jangan dilakukan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di karenakan motor optic macet karena kotoran atau debu halus , kalau ini terjadi kita harus melakukan dengan cara mengebrak player itu kurang lebih 2-3 kali, cara menggebraknya adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keluarkan piringan dari dlm payer, Lepas kabel power dari sumber listrk, angkat player dengan tangan kiri dengan sisi terbalik, ayunkan (menggebrak) tangan kanan ke sisi player sebanyak 2-3 kali dengan posisi telapak tangan melebar ke 5 jarinya, menggebraknya jangan terlau pelan dan jangan terlalu keras (tidak di perkenankan memakai alat alat /benda keras).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dikarenakan setelan optic kurang pas, kalau ini terjadi kita harus menyiapkan obeng plus(+) degan ukuran kecil, dibelakang optic ada putaran baut coba kita putar kekanan sekitar 2 mm, posisi player harus keadaan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">OFF/MATI<span style="color: black;">. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila langkah 1-5 tidak membawakan hasil, segeralah bawa DVD/VCD player anda ke service centre atau tempat service terdekat yang ahli dalam bidangnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://arjun-service.blogspot.com/2011/01/analisa-kerusakan-vcd-dvd.html">http://arjun-service.blogspot.com/2011/01/analisa-kerusakan-vcd-dvd.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-23762432114502238692012-02-13T20:32:00.000-08:002012-02-13T20:32:45.995-08:00TIPS MEMELIHARA PRODUK ELEKTRONIK<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<strong>Tips Memelihara Product Elektronic</strong><br />
Dalam memelihara / perawatan peralatan elektronik khususnya cctv camera, hindari pemakaian GENSET ( jenset ). jikapun terpaksa menggunakan jenset tersebut, pastikan cabut / putus dahulu kontak arus cctv yg ke listrik, sebelum jenset tersebut hidup. dan pasang kembali power cctv tsb setelah minimal 2 sampai 5 menit jenset tersebut hidup. karena arus listrik yg di hasilkan jenset pada saat hidup itu tidak stabil dan arusnya cendrung tinggi yang dapat merusak komponen adaptor bahkan alat perekamnya (dvr) dan kamera cctv tersebut.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Dan yang tidak kalah penting adalah jika terjadi trouble pada perangkat Anda, jangan berikan kepada mereka yang <strong>belum tahu dan sok tau</strong>.l<br />
paling tidak langkah pertama hubungi penjual dimana anda tempat anda berbelanja walaupun by phone mungkin sudah dapat membantu anda. atau anda dapat menghubngi Kami untuk memberikan penjelasan Gratis dan <strong>kami tidak perduli ANDA BELI DIMANA product tersebut</strong>. Anda akan kami layani dengan baik dan profesional. jika perlu datang langsung ke kantor atau toko kami <a href="http://www.kjs-ss.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=61" target="_blank" title="tips"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Free learning and </span></strong></a><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.kjs-ss.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=61" target="_blank" title="tips"><strong><span style="color: blue;">knowledge info Tentang semua Product yang Kami jual</span></strong></a></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3>Tips Merawat Kamera CCTV </h3>Jika anda menginginkan CCTV anda bertahan lebih lama maka Pemeliharaan CCTV juga harus anda perhatikan karena ini merupakan hal yang penting.<br />
<br />
Pemeliharaan CCTV terbagi menjadi dua hal kategori yaitu perawatan dan perbaikan. Hal yang paling harus di perhatikan dalam perawatan CCTV adalah Kebersihannya, Semua komponen yang ada pada CCTV, baik itu DVR (Digital Video Recorder), Kamera, Monitor dan yang lainnya tidak bisa terbebas dari yang namanya kotor. Hal yang paling sering mengakibatkan kotor pada komponen CCTV ini adalah debu, Kotoran atau debu inilah yang dapat mengakibatkan kinerja dari sistem CCTV berkurang bahkan mengalami kerusakan.<br />
<br />
Hal pertama yang dapat anda lakukan adalah pemeriksaan semua komponen CCTV mulai dari DVR sampai kabel maupun koneksi. kemudian periksa kamera, maupun braket penunjang, diteruskan dengan sasaran kamera apakah apakah masih fokus ke tujuan ataukah bergeser, periksa kelengkapan kamera semua braket dan baut klem dengan saksama. <br />
<br />
Periksa dan atur waktu / tanggal.<br />
Periksa pengoperasian pengendali telemetri.<br />
Periksa jam indikator berjalan.<br />
Periksa DVR apakah ada kerusakan atau tidak.<br />
Periksa perekam dan kualitas pemutaran.<br />
Pastikan bahwa pengaturan perekaman optimal untuk jangka waktu dan kualitasnya.<br />
Untuk melakukan perbaikan disarankan untuk menghubungi Agen tempat anda memesan dengan melengkapi laporan pemeliharaan dan mendiskusikan pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh agen.<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h2>perawatan, maintenance cctv plans</h2><h3>• Perawatan Kamera : <br />
1. Pembersihan unit kamera termasuk lensa , Housing , drive unit ( bila ada) , dan konektor serta pembetulan kembali arah pandang kamera bila diperlukan( untuk fixed camera) .<br />
2. Pengecekan tegangan daya dari adaptor ke kamera, termasuk konektor<br />
3. Pengecekan dan pembersihan PTZ rotator dan/ atau kontroler, termasuk konektor<br />
4. Pengecekan bracket kamera.<br />
• Perawatan Hardware Server berkala : <br />
1. Pembersihan internal casing server / PC DVR<br />
2. Pengecekan DVR card yang terpasang<br />
3. Pengecekan tegangan daya listrik ke server / PC DVR<br />
4. Pengecekan konektor kabel coaxial ke server / PC DVR<br />
• Back up berkala : <br />
1. Pengecekan fungsi Software DVR<br />
2. Melakukan Back up data hasil rekaman DVR ke Hardisk Eksternal ( sudah termasuk Hardisk ) <br />
3. Melakukan Sortir data rekaman dan melakukan pelaporan ke owner akan hasil rekaman.<br />
4. Melakukan penggantian password berkala.</h3><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3>Tips Memelihara Product Elektronic (CCTV ) </h3><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m2bMYtTriFQ/Th8SwuUC2II/AAAAAAAAAB4/0vDI5Ln105I/s1600/ir-weatherproof-camera-cen-vvkcie48hvcd1.jpg"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="112" /></span></span></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dBJLSYN7Tg/Th8SkCqyo2I/AAAAAAAAAB0/tcD3796ojes/s1600/cen-ct-h912.jpg"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img border="0" height="92" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="132" /></span></span></a>Dalam memelihara / perawatan peralatan elektronik khususnya cctv camera, hindari pemakaian GENSET yang mempunyai tegangan tidak stabil. Jikapun terpaksa menggunakan arus dari Genset tersebut, pastikan cabut / putus dahulu kontak / Jalur arus cctv yg ke jaringan listrik jika ditempat anda tidak memakai stabilizer yang mampu menstabil kan tegangan listrik secara optimal, dan yang tidak kalah penting adalah jika terjadi trouble pada perangkat anda, jangan berikan kepada mereka yang belum tahu dan sok tau, paling tidak langkah pertama hubungi penjual dimana anda tempat anda berbelanja walaupun by phone mungkin sudah dapat membantu anda.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-79592138530051985912012-02-13T20:28:00.001-08:002012-02-14T01:54:56.919-08:00INSTALASI HOME THEATER<div class="MsoNormal">INSTALASI HOME THEATER<br />
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</div>Proyek kali ini adalah membuat system home teater dengan daya output kecil maksimal sebesar 50 watt. System 4.1 channel Speaker terdiri dari 4 buah speaker quadrophonic dan 1 subwoofer. Speaker Quad atau istilah Indonesia nya speaker 4 kanal terdiri dari Depan Kanan – Depan Kiri dan pasangan speaker belakang Kanan – kiri. Ide membuat mini home teater karena terlalu maniaknya nonton di bioskop XXI. Berikut spesifikasi kebutuhan perangkat yang saya buat :<br />
4 channel Speaker Quad.<br />
- amplifier 20 watt stereo.<br />
- powersupply 12 V/ 1 Ampere. <br />
- Passive Surround Heafler<br />
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1 subwoofer.<br />
-filter low frekuensi.<br />
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<span class="fullpost">- amplifier 10 watt stereo</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">Speaker.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">- 4 buah x 8 ohm speaker minimal 20 watt/4 “.</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">- Woofer 6’’ 8 ohm 25 watt</span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span class="fullpost">:</span><span lang="IN">Anda saluran pusat speaker<br />
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Center speaker saluran Anda harus menjadi pembicara pertama yang Anda simpan di ruangan home theater Anda. Karena pekerjaan saluran pusat pembicara adalah untuk jangkar dialog dan lainnya pada layar suara ke layar, posisinya tergantung pada di mana Anda meletakkan TV Anda.<br />
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Tempatkan saluran pusat Anda secara langsung di atas atau di bawah TV Anda - berpusat, jika mungkin.<br />
Jika itu atas TV Anda, pastikan tepi depan pembicara justru sejalan dengan tepi depan layar TV Anda. Hal ini mengurangi distorsi yang disebabkan oleh suara mencerminkan dan difraksi dari kabinet TV.<br />
Jika memungkinkan, ketinggian tweeter pembicara saluran pusat harus mendekati ketinggian tweeter speaker depan Anda - idealnya, dalam waktu sekitar 24 "atau kurang Jika Anda menempatkan saluran pusat pada lemari yang sangat rendah di mana ini mungkin. masalah, maka Anda juga dapat menggunakan dudukan center speaker Anda (jika datang dengan satu) untuk sudut suara ke arah posisi Anda mendengarkan.<br />
Center speaker saluran Anda harus secara tepat jarak yang sama dari posisi Anda mendengarkan kiri depan dan speaker kanan.<br />
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Anda kiri depan dan kanan speaker<br />
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Speaker depan Anda menarik tugas ganda: bersama dengan film penanganan soundtrack, mereka merasa bertanggung jawab untuk mereproduksi semua suara saat Anda mendengarkan musik stereo. Hal ini membuat posisi mereka relatif terhadap posisi Anda mendengarkan sangat penting.<br />
penempatan Cobalah untuk menempatkan kiri depan Anda, saluran pusat, dan speaker kanan depan berjarak sama dari mana Anda duduk.<br />
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Posisi depan speaker kiri dan kanan di depan, dan pada titik-titik berjarak sama ke kiri dan kanan, dari tempat utama Anda mendengarkan. Bersama dengan speaker channel pusat, mereka harus membentuk busur sedikit, sehingga semua tiga pembicara yang persis jarak yang sama dari tempat Anda duduk, dengan tweeter dari tiga speaker depan bertujuan untuk telinga Anda. Kami merekomendasikan mengukur jarak - hanya satu atau dua inci benar-benar dapat membuat perbedaan nyata dalam cara sistem suara Anda.<br />
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* Tempatkan penempatan speaker depan kiri dan kanan sehingga tweeter berada pada tingkat telinga Anda ketika Anda duduk.<br />
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Jika Anda ingin panduan yang lebih tepat untuk mengikuti, speaker depan Anda harus berada pada sudut 22 ° ° -30 sehubungan dengan televisi Anda. Dengan kata lain, bayangkan Anda adalah untuk menarik dua baris - satu dari posisi Anda mendengarkan televisi Anda, dan satu dari posisi Anda mendengarkan speaker kanan Anda. Dua baris harus menciptakan sudut di suatu tempat antara 22 dan 30 derajat. Hal yang sama berlaku untuk speaker kiri. (Lihat ilustrasi di kanan.)<br />
Untuk suara terbaik, tweeter harus tingkat di telinga ketika Anda duduk. Sebagian besar lantai-berdiri speaker dirancang dengan pemikiran ini; speaker kecil dapat diposisikan pada berdiri atau dipasang di dinding untuk mencapai ketinggian yang tepat.<br />
Pastikan tidak ada benda padat (seperti furniture) menghalangi jalur suara perjalanan ke lokasi Anda mendengarkan.<br />
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Anda surround speaker<br />
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Surround speaker home theater Anda adalah dimaksudkan untuk membungkus Anda dalam awan suara atmosfer dan efek khusus, sehingga Anda merasa seperti Anda benar-benar di tengah-tengah film, acara TV, atau video game. Kami sudah menawarkan beberapa rekomendasi untuk membantu Anda mencapai efek ini, tetapi penting untuk dicatat bahwa penempatan speaker surround satu area di mana posisi dapat sangat bervariasi. Suatu pendekatan yang bekerja dengan baik untuk teman atau tetangga bahkan mungkin tidak mungkin bagi Anda, mengingat bentuk dan tata letak ruangan home theater Anda. Merasa bebas untuk bereksperimen - yang paling penting adalah bagaimana suara Anda. Dan mendapatkan kamar-friendly tips untuk menjalankan kabel untuk mengelilingi Anda dalam artikel kami pada menghubungkan speaker home theater.<br />
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Idealnya, pasangan utama Anda surround speaker harus ditempatkan di sebelah kiri dan kanan dari posisi Anda mendengarkan - baik sejalan dengan itu, atau hanya di belakangnya. Mereka harus membentuk sudut 90 ° -110 ° dengan hormat ke televisi Anda. (Jika Anda adalah untuk menarik dua baris - satu dari posisi Anda mendengarkan TV, dan satu dari posisi Anda mendengarkan salah satu speaker surround Anda - garis harus memotong sudut suatu tempat antara 90 dan 110 derajat.)<br />
Jika Anda memiliki 6,1-saluran atau 7.1-channel sistem dengan lebih dari dua speaker surround, atau jika penempatan sisi tidak tersedia untuk mengelilingi Anda dalam setup 5,1-saluran standar, mempertimbangkan penempatan posisi Anda mendengarkan belakang, menghadap ke depan kamar. Bergantian, jika Anda memiliki sistem 7.1-channel dan receiver baru dengan Dolby Digital Pro Logic IIz, Anda mungkin ingin menggunakan dua speaker surround Anda sebagai bagian depan kiri dan kanan saluran "tinggi" (dipasang sedikit tentang bagian depan kiri dan kanan speaker ), memungkinkan untuk soundstage depan lebih besar.<br />
Speaker surround harus ditempatkan cukup tinggi sehingga pengemudi tidak api langsung di telinga Anda ketika Anda duduk - satu aturan praktis adalah untuk menempatkan mereka pada tingkat telinga sambil berdiri. (Jika Anda surround speaker api langsung di telinga Anda, mereka dapat mengalahkan speaker depan Anda.)<br />
Jika Anda mengelilingi dipasang di dinding samping pada kurung disesuaikan, bereksperimen dengan membidik mereka. Anda mungkin mendapatkan hasil yang baik dari menunjuk mereka di langit-langit atau ke sudut belakang ruangan.<br />
Jika tidak ada dinding samping atau belakang yang tersedia untuk mounting speaker Anda, cobalah menempatkan sepasang speaker rak buku tradisional pada berdiri pembicara, sedikit di belakang dan sisi posisi Anda mendengarkan. Hindari bertujuan secara langsung di telinga Anda. Anda juga dapat mencoba di langit-langit speaker.<br />
Surround speaker penempatan yang ideal untuk home theater tidak harus sempurna untuk mendengarkan musik multichannel, di mana panggung belakang terfokus dengan tepat adalah yang terbaik. Jika kedua jenis mendengarkan yang penting bagi Anda, maka Anda dapat posisi speaker surround Anda untuk kompromi antara keduanya.<br />
Jika Anda me-mount speaker belakang di dinding, cobalah untuk me-mount mereka ke dinding stud untuk menjaga mereka dari jatuh - mount tidak aman dapat berarti kerusakan pada speaker Anda, drywall Anda, dan mungkin mebel. Stud pencari yang tersedia di toko hardware yang paling. Jika mounting untuk stud tidak mungkin, jangkar dinding harus digunakan untuk membuat sambungan yang solid untuk drywall Anda. Kebanyakan pembicara gunung termasuk jangkar dinding.<br />
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5.1-channel-channel 5.1 konfigurasi setup dengan surround speaker dinding-mount ke sisi, atau sedikit di belakang, posisi mendengarkan.<br />
6.1-channel-channel 6.1 konfigurasi setup dengan mengelilingi dinding-mount ke sisi posisi mendengarkan, dan satu kembali surround di dinding di belakang posisi mendengarkan.<br />
7.1-channel-channel 7.1 konfigurasi setup dengan mengelilingi dinding-mount ke sisi posisi mendengarkan, dan dua lagi mengelilingi dinding di belakang posisi mendengarkan.<br />
dipol / bipole Speaker ini speaker dipol / bipole dari Polk secara khusus dirancang dengan home theater surround dalam pikiran. (Polk Audio A6 FXi ditampilkan di atas)<br />
<br />
Dipol dan bipole speaker<br />
Beberapa produsen menawarkan speaker surround dipol / bipole (kadang-kadang disebut sebagai "Solid / membaur" speaker) yang dilengkapi dengan sebuah saklar untuk memilih antara modus berbeda operasi. Speaker semacam ini sering direkomendasikan sebagai yang ideal untuk film surround digunakan, karena kemampuan mereka untuk menghasilkan soundfield difus dan fleksibilitas mereka dalam berbagai penempatan. Namun, mereka tidak efektif untuk musik multichannel. Karena mereka yang paling sering terlihat di high-end, film-fokus setup home theater, rekomendasi kami di sini fokus pada lebih sering terlihat depan speaker menembak dan menggunakan mereka sebagai sekitarnya.<br />
Dipole Mode penempatan speaker menciptakan, difus ambien soundfield ketika speaker ditempatkan di dinding samping.<br />
penempatan speaker modus Bipole memenuhi ruangan Anda dengan suara surround ketika speaker diletakkan di dinding belakang.<br />
Tips untuk kamar berbentuk aneh<br />
<br />
Tentu saja, tidak semua orang akan memiliki ruang yang ideal untuk sistem home theater. Lihat artikel kami tentang mendapatkan suara surround yang baik dalam kehidupan nyata untuk kamar tips untuk berurusan dengan layout yang rumit, seperti L-berbentuk kamar dan rencana lantai terbuka. Kami juga mengumpulkan beberapa tips umum di bawah ini.<br />
penempatan speaker<br />
Di sini kami pindah pembicara ke belakang untuk menghindari jendela. Anda mungkin akan perlu untuk meningkatkan tingkat surround speaker kiri di receiver Anda untuk mengkompensasi. Atau, Anda bisa me-mount speaker lebih tinggi, di atas jendela.<br />
<br />
Jika ruangan Anda mengakomodasi itu, cobalah untuk memastikan posisi Anda mendengarkan adalah suatu tempat di tengah ruangan (yaitu dari dinding belakang) untuk meningkatkan soundstage depan dan membantu surround speaker bekerja lebih baik.<br />
Posisi speaker utama sehingga mereka api ke panjang ruangan, daripada lebar.<br />
Jika Anda ingin efek surround terbaik, tempatkan speaker surround di lantai-berdiri. Anda akan ingin mereka berada di jarak kira-kira sama dari posisi Anda mendengarkan.<br />
Jika berdiri tidak pilihan, Anda juga dapat dinding-mount speaker surround Anda. Anda bahkan dapat me-mount mereka ke sebuah balok di langit-langit, jika Anda punya braket langit-langit, meskipun speaker Anda mungkin tidak suara terbaik mereka ketika ditempatkan yang tinggi. Sekali lagi, Anda akan ingin mengelilingi Anda menjadi jarak kira-kira sama dari posisi Anda mendengarkan.<br />
Untuk melihat benar-benar bersih, coba di-dinding atau di langit-langit mengelilingi. Lihat pedoman penempatan kami untuk jenis speaker, atau menonton singkat kami di-dinding speaker video instalasi untuk mendapatkan ide dari apa yang terlibat.<br />
Jika Anda harus menempatkan speaker belakang pada jarak yang berbeda dari posisi Anda mendengarkan karena jendela atau pintu, maka Anda dapat menggunakan tingkat pembicara di penerima Anda untuk membantu mengkompensasi perbedaan itu, atau mengandalkan auto kalibrasi-receiver Anda untuk menangani itu untuk Anda. Itu akan bekerja baik jika perbedaan dalam jarak 5 meter atau kurang.<br />
Anda juga dapat menyesuaikan tingkat pembicara untuk mengkompensasi perbedaan jarak antara kiri depan dan speaker kanan. Namun, kami sarankan Anda mencoba dan menempatkan mereka jarak yang sama dari posisi Anda mendengarkan, atau dalam beberapa inci itu, bila memungkinkan. Anda akan melihat perbedaan lebih halus dalam volume dan waktu di panggung depan dari Anda akan di belakang.<br />
<br />
Anda subwoofer<br />
<br />
Sebuah powered subwoofer memberikan dampak penting dalam sistem home theater, tapi salah satu pembicara paling menuntut untuk posisi. Karena frekuensi bass rendah Omnidirectional, biasanya Anda dapat menempatkan subwoofer Anda mana saja di ruang teater rumah Anda dengan hasil yang baik.<br />
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Menempatkan subwoofer Anda dekat dinding pada umumnya akan menghasilkan bass yang lebih, dan penempatan dekat sudut - di mana batas-batas ruang tiga datang bersama-sama - akan mendapatkan Anda bahkan lebih. Perlu diingat bahwa meskipun bass meningkat ketika Anda menempatkan sub dekat dinding atau sudut, kualitas bass mungkin akan sedikit "boomier" dan kurang terkontrol. Bertujuan untuk tempat di mana Anda mendapatkan kompromi antara kualitas dan kuantitas bass.<br />
Salah satu teknik untuk menempatkan keren untuk subwoofer Anda adalah untuk menempatkan sub di tempat Anda mendengarkan, bermain musik, bergerak di sekitar ruangan, dan mendengarkan. Anda mungkin akan melihat bahwa bass terdengar agak sedikit berbeda saat Anda bergerak di sekitar dari lokasi ke lokasi dalam ruangan - di mana suara yang terbaik mungkin di mana Anda ingin menempatkan subwoofer Anda.<br />
Subwoofer bertenaga Banyak dilengkapi dengan kontrol fase - biasanya switch 2-posisi. Pilih pengaturan yang menghasilkan bass yang paling sementara semua speaker Anda sedang bermain.<br />
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Setelah Anda punya sub Anda di mana Anda inginkan, periksa artikel kami pada pengasahan subwoofer Anda untuk tips lebih lanjut tentang cara untuk mendapatkan bass yang besar.<br />
Anda ruang<br />
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Satu hal yang perlu diingat saat membuat speaker Anda adalah bahwa kamar Anda memainkan peran penting dalam bagaimana sistem Anda akan terdengar. Kamarmu bentuk, tata letak, dan di mana speaker ditempatkan di dalam ruangan adalah semua faktor yang akan mempengaruhi kinerja sistem home theater.<br />
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Menempatkan speaker depan Anda di sebelah dinding yang sedikit akan meningkatkan output bass mereka. Hal ini dapat meningkatkan suara yang lebih kecil, bass-malu speaker satelit, tetapi dapat berlumpur suara dari lantai-berdiri speaker. Sebaliknya, membawa speaker keluar dari dinding dapat mengurangi respon bass mereka, tetapi meningkatkan kejelasan.<br />
Sebuah ruang dengan permukaan reflektif terlalu banyak, seperti jendela dan genteng, dapat menambah kerasnya suara atau membuatnya tampak terlalu terang. Menambahkan karpet atau gorden dapat membantu sistem suara Anda jauh lebih alami.<br />
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Sayangnya, ada terlalu banyak variabel di kamar Anda untuk dapat account untuk mereka semua. Itulah sebabnya sebagian besar penerima baru datang dengan pembicara kalibrasi otomatis. Fitur ini menggunakan mikrofon untuk merekam dan mengukur nada tes diputar melalui speaker Anda. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(235, 239, 249);">Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk suara untuk mencapai mikrofon, bersama dengan kekuatan faktor suara dan lainnya, memberitahu receiver Anda jenis speaker yang Anda miliki, penempatan mereka dalam kaitannya dengan posisi Anda mendengarkan, dan bagaimana suara yang mereka hasilkan bereaksi di </span>Anda khususnya kamar. Penerima kemudian dapat membuat penyesuaian untuk memastikan bahwa Anda mendapatkan suara terbaik di kamar Anda. Menonton video singkat kami pada kalibrasi otomatis untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana ini bekerja.<br />
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Anda juga dapat memeriksa artikel kami pada akustik ruangan untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana ruangan Anda dapat mempengaruhi sistem suara Anda. </span><img border="0" height="333" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="384" /><img border="0" height="372" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="384" /><img border="0" height="370" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="384" />NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-79933455370613424812012-02-13T20:04:00.000-08:002012-02-14T01:55:38.695-08:00CARA REPARASI TELEVISI<a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">Kerusakan gambar Tv terpotong atas atau bawah</a><br />
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<h3> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Kerusakan tv gambar terpotong atas dan bawah.<br />
Kerusakan gambar tv seperti ini sering terjadi pada hampir semua merk dan ukuran tv. Kerusakan seperti ini adalah terjadi kerusakan pada rangkaian vertikal. Adapun letak kerusakannya bisa terjadi pada daerah oscilator vertikal, daerah driver vertikal atau yang sangat sering adalah pada rangkaian output vertikalnya. Kerusakan pada tingkat output vertikal ini bisa terjadi karena ada kerusakan pada ICnya. Kerusakan kondensator dan kerusakan resistor. Dan pernah juga mendapatkan karena terjadi kerusakan dioda.<br />
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</div><h3><a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">Tv Tosiba 14 inci mati total, sudah gagal servis</a> </h3><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOzPt_9hvSI/AAAAAAAAAD8/BM1fQ5hDc6Q/s1600/TV+tosiba+mati+total.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal">Tv Tosiba 14 inci mati total,untuk kerusakan mati total biasanya langkah pertama yang dilakukan adalah. Mengecek tegangan listrik sudah masuk mesin belun, cek kabelnya ada yg putus tidak, cek sikring putus tidak. Tapi hal ini batal saya lakukan karena saya melihat ada beberapa komponen yg sudah hilang pada daerah power suplay.(tv ini gagal servis rupanya, soalnya yg bisa mencopot travo Ac matik dan Str tentu seorang tehnisi), Yg hilang tersebut diantaranya Str ac-matic, travo Ac-matic dan masih ada komponen-komponen kecil seperti resistor dan beberapa kondensator, untuk mengembalikan normal sangat sulit karena untuk mencari komponen-2 yg sudah hilang cukup repot.</div>Setiap komponen yg akan diganti harus sama nomer serinya, meskipun contohnya sudah tidak ada masih ada jalan (kalau mau) untuk mengembalikan kondisi power suplay agar kembali seperti semula. Caranya kita cari tv yg merk seri dan tipenya sama, lalu tv tersebut dibuka dan dicatat semua komponen yg hilang lalu dibelikan. Atau bisa dgn cara mencari sekema tv tersebut dan dari sekema ini kita bisa memperoleh keterangan komponen apa saja yg perlu dicatat nomernya. Tapi dari langkah tsb diatas ada langkah yg lebih gampang, lebih praktis dan lebih murah yaitu <b>membeli rangkaian power suplay yg sudah jadi</b> di toko onderdil banyak yg jual, banyak macam dan modelnya. Tergantung kebutuhan dan minat kita saja. Untuk membeli rangkaian power suplay ini yang paling harus diperhatikan adalah kebutuhan tegangan output-nya. Misalnyg tegangan 110 v untuk horisontal out put, tegangan 12 volt, dan tegangan lain yg diperlukan. Kebetulan saya masih punya stok jadi untuk penggantian ini saya tdk perlu pergi membeli. Model regulator yg saya punya adalah model yg sangat sederhana yakni belum ada dioda ac inputnya maupun dioda-2 outputnya. Jadi harus pinter-2 mengkombinasi antara mesin yg asli dgn rangkaian regulator jenis ini. Tapi caranya tidak sulit. Tegangan litrik masih langsung masuk pada pcb mesin asli setelah melalui dioda penyearah dan teganganya sudah menjadi Dc<br />
baru arus Dc nya tersebut disambung langsung ke modul regulator yg baru, hati-2 jangan sampai terbalik bisa berakibat fatal. Karena modul jenis ini belum ada kondensator input tegangan tingginya jadi masih memanfaatkan kondensator yg terpasang di mesin tv dan kondensator inilah kita bisa menentukan mana arus plus (+) nya dan mana arus negatifnya (-) bisa juga dari titik ini kita menyambungkan kabel ke modul regulator kita. Sampai disini berarti pemasangan bagian primernya sudah selesai. Tinggal kita memasang/menyambung bagian sekundernya. Yaitu bagian arus keluarnya dari modul regulator. Kebetulan tv yg sedang saya hadapi cuma butuh 2 tegangan yaitu 110 volt untuk horisontal dan 12 volt untuk kebutuhan tegangan-2 lainya. Jadi saya cukup menyambungkan 3 buah kabel yaitu satu untuk ground satu untuk arus 110 volt dan satu lagi untuk arus 12 volt, kebutuhan yg diperlukan 12 volt tapi di regulator yg baru adanya yg terendah 13 volt, 15 volt, 24 volt, 110 volt dan 180 volt. Maka untuk kebutuhan yg 12 dimesin saya sambung dgn 13 volt di regulator. Begitu pemasangan selesai modulnyapun sudah terpasang rapi maka tv pun bisa dihidupkan untuk dicoba. Pada saat mencoba pertama tegangan yg harus dipantau adalah tegangan yg 110 volt karena tegangan disini tidak boleh lebih. Kelebihan tegangan disini bisa mengakibatkan rusaknya beberapa komponen, kadang-2 tabung bisa mati. Maka harus hati2. Oke tegangannya normal dan flaybaknyapun sudah bekerja dgn ditandai adanya kejutan tegangan pada saat stat pertama. Kita lihat tampilanya layarnya sekalian pasang antene dan seting menunya, lakukan penyetelan scren dan focus kalau diperlukan saja. <br />
<h3><a href="http://panduan-servistv.blogspot.com/2009/12/tv-digitek-14-inci-mati-kalau.html">Tv Digitek 14 inci mati, kalau dihidupkan hanya ada suara jeg . . .</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Tv Digitek 14 mati kalau dihidupkan hanya bunyi jeg..<br />
Digitek seri D142020 adalah termasuk Tv yang sudah lumayan lama namun kalau di pedesaan masih banyak yang menggunakan karena memang rata-rata gambarnya masih lumayan.<br />
Begitu tutup tv saya buka kotor sekali, banyak debu hangus menempel disana sini, langsung saja saya bersihkan dulu sebisa mungkin karena menurut pemilik sudah bertahun-tahun disetel di ruang dapur jadi debu hangusnya seperti agak lengket mengandung minyak. Agar supaya mesin bisa kelihatan bersih maka untuk membersihkan Pcb bagian bawahnya menggunakan cairan thiner A, thiner jenis ini memang sangat cocok untuk membersihkan kotoran pcb, hasilnya bisa bersih karena semua kotoran yg mengandung noda dan kotoran bekas bakaran tenolpun luntur, sehingga pcb jadi bersih dan jalur-2nya tampak jelas. Setelah bersih saya mulai cek tegangan power suplay terutama yg saya cek adalah suplay 110 vol. Hasilnya masih bagus sampai ke flaybak. Lalu tv saya matikan dan langsung mengecek transistor horisontal outputnya. Saya lebih senang mengecek transistor diluar rangkaian karena menurut saya hasilnya lebih akurat. Transistor inipun kondisinya masih bagus. Anehnya kenapa flaycknya tidak mau kerja ? Saya lanjutkan dgn mengecek transistor drifer horisontal, hasilnya masih bagus juga. Dalam keadaan Transistor Horisontal Autputnya masih terlepas saya mencoba mengetes Signal Horisontal sudah bekerja belum yaitu dgn cara menggunakan multester posisi Ac 50 volt kabel hitam pada ground dan kabel merah tancapanya dipindah ke lobang out pada tester lalu ujung merahnya untuk mengukur pada colektor transistor driver horisontal. Sinyal horisontal sampai ditingkat driver ini bekerja baik yaiu menunjuk sampai 50 volt ac. Hati saya agak lega karena kerusakan horisontalnya tidak terjadi pada tingkat oscilator yakni sudah pasti terjadi pada tingkat outputnya. Dan perhatian saya kembalikan lagi ke bagian output horisontal. Masih dlm keadaan tanpa tr horisontal out saya cek apakah signal horisontalnya sampai ke lobang basis tr horisontal out?. Ya.. Sampai ! memang signal sampai disini kecil karena sudah di downkan oleh travo driver horisontal. Tv saya matikan lagi dan memasang tr horisontal outnya setelah selesai saya coba lagi dan masih tetap tidak mau bekerja. Bingung ya... Berdasarkan filing/ pengalaman maka saya mencabut kabel Defleksi horisontalnya lalu tv saya coba lagi. Sesss... Suara sepeker sudah bunyi seperti kalau tv tdk ada siaran. Tv kembali saya matikan dan saya mencopot Defleksinya. Yah ternyata benar gulungan Defleksi Horisontalnya terbakar/hangus. Sayapun segera mencari ganti karena seingat saya kalau saya masih punya cadangan defleksi meski tidak baru tapi masih sangat layak dipakai. Setelah Defleksi saya dapatkan langsung saja saya memasang. Memindahkan kabel defleksinya dari defleksi yg rusak dimbil kabelnya saja. Karena soket kabel defleksi untuk tipe digitek ini agak lain. Jadi harus menggunakan kabel yang lama. Setelah pemasangan selesai tv saya nyalakan dan alhasil telah keluar sinar. Pemasangan defleksi memang perlu ketelitian sendiri agar bisa dihasilkan polaritas gambar yg bagus. Pemasangan defleksi yg tidak tepat mengakibatkan tampilan gambar warna seperti terkena medan magnit, gambar miring, atau gambar terbalik ( terbalik vertikal atau terbalik horisontal. Memasang defleksi harus cermat maju mundurnya maupun putaran kanan kirinya. Tapi Al-hamdulillah defleksi ini termasuk defleksi yg mudah dipasang. Soalnya kadang-kadang ada defleksi yg sulit dipasang. Setelah hasilnya cukup rata, tv saya matikan lagi lalu memasang cincin polaritas warnanya. Kembali sambil melihat gambar karena polaritas ini perlu juga pemasangan yang tepat, kalau tidak nanti akan timbul warna yg menumduk/bergeser tidak tepat. </div><h3><a href="http://panduan-servistv.blogspot.com/2009/12/tv-polytron-20-inci-mati-lampu.html">Tv Polytron 20 inci mati, lampu indikator kedip2 diikuti suara dug...dug...dug...</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Tv Polytron 20inci kerusakan : mati, lampu indikator kedip-2 diikuti suara dug...dug...dug.... Kerusakan tv seperti ini aku dapat pada servis panggilan yakni di Desa Ndeles, Kecamatan Ngablak yaitu sebuah desa yg terletak di gunung Merbabu. Saya perlu waktu sekitar 2 jam perjalanan sepeda motor untuk sampai di desa tersebut. Cuaca mendung & udarapun terasa dingin meski baru jam 2 siang. Tuan rumah antusias sekali menyambut kedatangan saya terbukti dgn banyaknya suguhan yg dihidangkan. Ada roti,ada pisang goreng hangat dan yg paling aku lirik adalah jagung rebus. Sambil makan hidangan yg ditemani segelas kopi panas saya menanyakan gejala-2 kerusakan tv-nya. Sambil menuju ke arah tv di meja lalu menancapkan ke listriknya dan tivipun dihidupkan. Nah... ngeten niki rusake, riyin menawi ngeten lajeng ditunggu 10 menit saget gesang piyambak namung menawi awal gesang gambaripun mboten ceto saksampune 5 menit malih gambar pun sae. (nah... begini rusaknya,dulu setelah ditunggu 10 menit tv akan hidup sendiri tapi pada awal hidup gambarnya tdk jelas setelah kira-kira 5 menit lagi gambar sudah bagus) 'kata si pemilik tv dgn logat bahasa daerahnya yg khas', dari keterangan sipemilik yg demikian apakah anda sudah bisa memperkirakan kira-2 rusaknya apa ?<br />
Saya punya prediksi kerusakan yaitu: 1. Ada kerusakan pada daerah power suplay. 2. Ada kerusakan pada fokus.<br />
Saya mulai dgn membuka kesing, lalu membersihkan debu yg hampir mengenai seluruh mesin. Setelah semua bersih dan seluruh komponen tampak jelas, saya memperhatikan komponen-2nya, mata saya tertuju pada daerah power suplay karena prediksi pertama saya memang ada kerusakan di tingkat ini. Saya melihat ada 3 bh kondensator yg kulitnya sudah berubah warnanya dan salah satunya malah ada yg menggelembung seperti mau meletus. Tanpa pikir panjang saya langsung melepas 3 bh kondensator tersebut dan saya ganti dgn yg baru. Nilai kondensator tsb adalah 220mf-50volt, 100mf-50v dan 47mf-50vol. Setelah penggantian selesai saya mencoba menghidupkan mesin dan alhasil Tv sudah bisa menyala. Ternyata benar bahwa gambarnya buram karna tidak fokus, aku langsung mencari obeng untuk menyetel fokus, tapi tidak membuahkan hasil. Tv saya matikan dan saya mulai mengecek kabel fokus sampai soket Crt. Soket Crt saya buka penutup sambungan kabel fokus, ternyata benar Soket Crt-nya ngefong dan patrian kabel fokus hampir putus. Saya langsung mencopot soket tersebut. Nikune sing rusak ? Itunya yang rusak ? Tanya pemilik Tv yg masih setia menunggu. Ya... Tapi harus beli dulu karna saya tdk punya persediaan. Nggih tumbaske mawon sing sae pindah (ya belikan saja yg bagus sekalian). Awis mboten regine (mahal tidak harganya) lanjut tanya siempunya sambil mengambil soket & memperhatikanya. Tidak begitu mahal. Jawap saya singkat. Nggih tumbaske sing sae asal mboten langkung saking 200 ewu, soale kula pun telanjur remen kalih Tv niki, gambare sae suantene dahsat kados teng gedung bioskop. ( ya belikan yg bagus asal tidak lebih dari 200 rb, soalnya saya sudah telanjur senang dgn Tv ini disamping gambarnya bagus suaranya dahsat seperti di gedung film). Aku segera bebenah untuk berangkat ke kota Salatiga untuk membeli soket Crt. Begitu masuk kota aku mampir ke pos Polisi menanyakan toko penjual & rute jalanya. Pak Polisipun menjelaskan rute dgn jelas dan ternyata tidak begitu jauh tempatnya. Akupun segera masuk toko dan diberi 3 bh soket yg untuk dipilih " terima kasih pak Polisi" sesuai Amanah saya membeli yg paling bagus menurut saya. Saya langsung pulang kembali dan berhubung sudah terdengar adzan magrib saya minta ijin untuk ke musholla dulu yg letaknya tdk jauh dari rumah pemilik Tv. Selesai solat magrib aku kembali duduk dimeja dan menancapkan solder. Sambil menunggu panasnya solder saya menyalakan rokok kesukaan saya dan menyantap hidangan pisang goreng yg sekarang sudah dingin. Tidak lama juga si pemilik rumah datang menemaniku lagi sambil membawa 2 gelas kopi panas. Monggo diunjuk rumiyin mumpung tasih benter,( silahkan diminum dulu selagi masih panas) tawar dia dgn ramah. Tanpa basa-basi aku mulai meneguk hidangan kopi merbabu . Solderpun sudah panas dan aku segera memasang Soket Crt yg baru, setelah selesai saya mencoba menyalakan Tv untuk melihat hasilnya. Wah... Saiki Tvne wis dadi (sanjungan riang dgn suara lantang sang pemilik seraya memberi tahu kepada anak istrinya yg berada di ruang tengah. Istri dan kedua anaknyapun datang melihat hasilnya dgn gembira. Saya membiarkan Tv menyala dgn kondisi terbuka untuk menunggu apakah masih ada kelainan atau tidak. Kira2 lima menit menyala & tidak ada tanda-2 kerusakan lagi, tv kembali saya matikan dan mengecek pendingin-pendingin Transistor Horisontal, Ic Vertikal, Ic Audio out, dan Ac matik, ternyata semuanya tidak ada yg panas berlebihan dan saya nyatakan Tv sudah dalam keaadaan aman. Mesin Tv saya masukan ke len-nya merapikan kabel-2 lalu memasang tutupnya. </div><h3><a href="http://panduan-servistv.blogspot.com/2009/12/tv-sharp21inci-kalau-dihidupkan-lampu.html">Tv Sharp21inci kalau dihidupkan lampu-indikatar menyala hijau tapi terus menyala merah dan kedip-2</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">TV Sharp 21 kerusakan kalau dinyalakan lampu indikator menyala hijau lalu menyala merah dan kedip2.<br />
Setelah membuka mesin, membersihkan, lalu saya lakukan pengecekan tegangan, Tegangan power suplay bagus, lalu saya teruskan ke Bagian Horisontal yaitu pada outputnya. Tegangan 110volt yg masuk ke flaybak pada saat power dinyalakan ada tegangan normal tapi tdk lama hilang, saya cek transistor horisont outputnya ternyata bagus.<br />
Punya kecurigaan pada power suplay yg bekerjanya tidak optimal. 2 bh elconya tak ganti dgn baru tapi tidak membuahkan hasil. Sampai disini saya sempat bingung. Dalam keadaan bingung ini lalu mencoba-coba, percobaan masih terfokus pada rangkaian horisontal output yaitu seputaran flaybak karena pada saat power dinyalakan pertama sudah ada kejutan horisontal seperti flaybak mau bekerja tapi kok terus menghilang. Jajangan-jangan rusak flaybaknya, (pikir saya) karena kebetulan ditempat bengkel saya ada tv yg persis & kondisinya nyala bagus, maka saya segera melepas flaybak yg saya curigai rusak dan saya ganti dgn flaybak meminjam dari tv saya yg bagus. Pemasanganpun selesai dan saya mencoba menghidupkan Tv dgn harapan Tv sudah akan bisa menyala. Tapi ternyata . . . Hasilnya masih belum bisa nyala seperti semula. Mulai tambah bingung dan penasaran. Karna perut terasa lapar saya berhentikan dulu petualangan saya untuk pergi ke dapur mencari makan dgn ala kadarnya. Maklum waktu sudah malam dan kalau mau pergi ke warung makan jauh, harus jalan skitar 5 km karna saya tinggal di pedesaan. Al-hamdulillah makanan telah tersedia dan saya mulai menyantapnya pelan-pelan sambil berpikir kira Tv tersebut rusak apanya. Alhasil makanpun telah selesai lau saya ambil sebatang rokok kesukaan saya lalu saya nyalakan dan duduk lagi di meja kerja saya, tangan saya belum mulai bekerja karna masih sibuk memaikan rokok, hanya mata saya yg sudah sibuk mengamat-amati mesin tv tersebut,dgn tujuan mengamati titik-titik solderan barang kali ada yg kendor, karna Tv yg saya hadapi adalah tergolong tv muda dan dari produk bagus jadi yg namanya patrian kendor tidak saya ketemukan. Mata saya masih tertuju pada sirkuit flaybak dan saat rokok mendekati habis mungkin sedang nikmat-2nya kata orang menikmati rokok mulai timbul pikiran ' mungkinkah kejadian ini karena beban kerja flaybak yg terlau berat karena mungkin ada penyumbatan pada rangkaian sukunder flaybak. Karna saking penasaranya maka rokok segera saya taruh di asbak dan tangan segera mengambil solder & sedotan tenol. Saya mulai melepas resistor pemcngkit tegangan 180 volt & melepas dioda pembangkit tegangan 24 volt untuk vertikal output. TV saya nyalakan dan Al-hamdulillah Flaybak sudah mau bekerja jadi penyakitnya hampir ketemu. Pikiranpun mulai senang karena sudah ada titik harapan, mata yg sudah mulai ngantuk kini terang kembali. Dari 2 komponen yg saya lepas satu persatu tak pasang lagi dan saya mulai pasang 1 resistor pembangkit tegangan 180 volt. Tv saya tes lagi dan ternyata flaybak masih bisa bekerja dan saya ukur tegangan 180 volnya bekerja bagus. Lalu saya lanjutkan dgn memasang dioda pembangkit tegangan vertikal outputnya. TV saya coba lagi dan ternya Flaybak kembali tidak bekerja dan lampu indikator kedip-2 lagi. Tidak pikir panjang saya langsung melepas Ic Vertikal outputnya dan Tv saya coba lagi, flaybak kembali bekerja dan begitu saya liat dilayar sudah ada sinar garis seperti lidi memanjang dari kiri ke kanan. Karena pengen cepat bisa tau kepastian rusaknya maka saya segera meminjam Ic Vertikal output di Tv yg tadi saya pinjam flaybaknya langsung saya pasang. Dan . . . Al-hamdulillah Tv sudah bisa hidup. Jadi kerusakan seperti itu bisa diakibatkan konsletnya Ic Vertikal output. Maka untuk rekan-2 kalau menjumpai kerusakan Tv yg seperti saya alami tidak usah lama-2 mencari kerusakanya, langsung saja potong kompas, cek Vertikal outputnya.<br />
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</div><h3><a href="http://panduan-servistv.blogspot.com/2009/12/belum-lama-ini-saya-menjumpai-kerusakan.html">Tv cina 21 inci rusak tidak ada gambar,hanya seperti radio</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Belum lama ini saya menjumpai kerusakan Tv cina 21 inci yaitu rusak tidak ada gambar, tidak ada sinar sama sekali di layar. Jadi hanya seperti radio.<br />
Langkah2 yg saya lakukan<br />
1. Membuka kesing ( Ingat . .! Sebelum membuka kesing kabel listriknya dilepas dulu agar Tv terputus dari jala-jala listrik)<br />
2. Membersihkan mesin dari debu memggunakan kuas kering disamping agar bersih tujuanya agar komponen-komponenya terlihat jelas, jadi kalau misalnya ada resistor yg terbakan, langsung bisa terlihat.<br />
3. Mengeluarkan mesin dari sasisnya ditaruh terbalik agar bisa melihat papan pcb bagian bawahnya dgn jelas. <br />
4. Saya lakukan pengecekan tegangan mulai dari Power suplay bagus, Horisontal bekerja dengan baik, akhirnya ketemu yaiu ada patrian kemdor pada Resistor Hitler/filamen. Jadi filamen tabung layar (CRT) tidak menyala, Setelah saya lakukan solder ulang Tv kembali bagus, hanya perlu tambahan penyetelan fokus karna kurang tepat. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h3><a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com">Mengatasi kerusakan vertikal yang membandel</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Ada pertanyaan dari rekan begini '' saya sudah skitar 5 thn terjun jasa servis tv, sudah berkali2 menghadapi kerusakan pada rangkaian vertikal namun selalu berhasil dan tidan ada masalah, tapi kali betul2 timbul masalah, Ic output vertikal sudah tak ganti baru, Defleksinya juga sdah tak coba ganti karena kebetulan punya tv sama. Tegangan pada rangkaian semua normal, tapi tetep vertikal tidak mau membuka, hanya timbul garis. Solusinya dong pak, sdah puyeng nih.... Suwun Yang sangat penting anda harus bisa mendeteksi letak kerusakan pada tingkat mana, pada tingkat outputnya atau pada tingkat ascilatornya. Caranya : anda lepaskan/netralkan input vertikal pada ic output vertikalnya, setelah netral masukin signal ac dari adaptor 3,5 volt tapi sebelumnya harus anda jembatani dengan kondensator 100 mf-50 volt. Kalau di injek signal ternyata raster pada layar mau membuka bararti kerusakan pada tingkat oscilatornya, tetapi kalau di injek signal tetap rester tidak mau membuka maka kerusakan terjadi pada rangkaian outputnya.</div><h3><a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com">Tv tuner tidak keluar gambar</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Tv tuner tidak keluar gambar. Postingan pak Nasichin kali ini membahas tentang Tv tuner yang tidak keluar gambar dan postingan ini tidak hanya untuk kalangan tehnisi melainkan untuk semua saja yang kebetulan sedang menghadapi problem tentang tv tuner yang tidak keluar gambar. Oke pak Nasichin langsung saja ke bagaimana cara mengatasinya. Langkah2nya sebagai berikut : 1. Pastikan bahwa monitor komputer anda dalam keadaan baik dan sekaligus teraliri arus listri. 2. Sambungkan kabel data monitor komputer ke tv tuner dan jangan lupa memasang adaptor tv tunernya, sekalian pasang antene tv dan pastikan bahwa antena tv nya tidak ada masalah. 3. Nyalakan monitor kumputer dan nyalakan tv tuner. Pada tampilan akan tampil tulisan : A) No signal berarti tv tuner anda belum mengirimkan signal apapun ke monitor komputer. B) Combo tv box berarti tv tuner anda telah mengirimkan signal cuma belum memperoleh signal siaran. Carilah siaran dengan jalan anda buka menu tv tuner melalui remot atau langsung melalui tombol program. Masuk ke '' system '' pasang inputnya pada posisu Tv, soung sys pada 8/G. Colour sys pada Auto. Lalu berpindah ke menu '' Preset '' menu ini digunakan untuk mencari siaran dan anda langsung menuju AUTO TUNE dan klik ok. Tunggu beberapa saat sampai proses tuning berjalan dan otomatis akan menyimpan seluruh siaran tv yg bisa terdeteksi dgn baik.</div><h3><a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com">Tv harus di gebrok</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal">Menjawab pertanyaan rekan dengan keluhan '' Tv gambar hilang,kalau digebrok bisa muncul gambar normal, setelah beberapa lama hilang lagi, lalu digebrok bisa keluar gambar lagi, awalnya satu bua hari minta gebrok sekali, tapi lama kelamaan semakin sering harus digebrok, bahkan setelah di gebrok beberapa kali baru muncul gambar, pokoknya semakin parah'' kira2 rusak apanya? Oke jawabannya begini, tapi karena saudara penanya rupanya bukan seorang tehnisi, atau seseorang yang belum memiliki pengetahuan ttg servis tv maka saran saya adalah '' Serahkan perbaikan tv anda ke tehnisi yg anda percaya'' Tapi kalau anda sudah mempunyai bekal pengetahuan ttg servis tv, kerusakan tv yg sedang anda hadapi adalah : Ada patrian kendor, sangat jarang, atau saya sendiri belum pernah menemukan kerusakan tv seperti yg sedang anda hadapi karena ada kerusakan komponen, dari sekian banyak kerusakan tv seperti tsb diatas selalu disebabkan adanya patrian kendor, Perhatikan seluruh badan pcb dan anda lihat apakah ada patrian kendor? Patri ulang saja komponen2 yang dimungkinkan kendor, Meskipun pekerjaanya mematri ulan komponen yg patrian kendor itu mudah anda tetap dituntut selalu hati2, karena kalau sampai ada yang konslet bisa menyebabkan komponen akan rusak / tv akan jadi mati.</div><h3><a href="http://www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">Kerusakan tv gambar menyempit, dibagian atas, bawah, atau atas bawah</a> </h3><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfnYBeWO6I/AAAAAAAAADM/CcbE4kNohEw/s1600/Gam+TV+sempit+atas+bawah.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="211" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="239" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<b>Kerusakan Tv gambar menyempit dibagian atas,bawah atau atas bawah</b> atau bahkan tidak ada gambar sama sekali melainkan hanya ada satu buah garis seperti lidi memanjang dari kiri ke kanan. Sementara suara tetap bagus.<br />
Hal ini terjadi karena ada kerusakan pada bagian vertikal-nya, bisa terjadi kerusakan pada tingkat oscilator vertikalnya atau bisa juga pada tingkat outputnya.<br />
Langkah2 yg perlu dilakukan<br />
1. Untuk gambar yg kurang lebar sebelum membuka kesing tv, coba stel dulu v-high, v-size dan v-linnya melalau jasmen menu servis remot, (untuk model tv yg sudah mempunyai menu servis yg menggunakan remot) untuk tv yg belum mempunyai menu servis remot ya terpaksa harus membuka kesing dan mengetrim trimpot v-high v-lin dan v-size-nya. Letaknya trimpot2 tsb biasanya tdk jauh dari rangkaian vertikal output. Sudah dilakukan ? bagaimana hasilnya.Tidak berhasil dgn pengetriman ini?</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfommowdCI/AAAAAAAAADQ/oxd2RidNaOI/s1600/Msn+TV+rsk+IC+Vert.JPG"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="194" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="259" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
2. Berdasarkan pengalaman lapangan kerusakan vertikal begini saya langsung ke bagian vertikal outputnya. Karena kerusakan pada bagian output lebih sering terjadi dari pada dibagian oscilatornya.<br />
3. Ukur tegangan B+ suplay Ic Vertikal ouptnya, besarnya tergantung Ic yg dipergunakan, kebanyakan menggunakan suplay yg 25 volt. Tegangan drop ? Coba lepas Ic-nya lalu nyalakan lagi & ukur teganganya. Jadi normal ? Berarti yg menyebabkan ngedropnya tegangan adalah Ic tsb. Ganti saja dgn yg baru. Tv nyalakan lagi & lihat hasilnya, sudah berhasilkah ? Sudah sepurnakah ? Kalau belum sempurna misalnya gambar masih kurang lebar, terlalu lebar, coba lakukan pengetriman v-lin, v-high & v-size nya.<br />
Sampai disini mudah2an anda telah berhasil mengatasi kerusakan tv dgn klasifikasi kerusakan vertikal. Kalau ternyata gambar masih cacat misalnya terlalu lebar, kurang lebar dan v-size, v-line dan v-high nya tdk bisa menyempurnakan maka anda harus melanjutkan dgn pengecekan kompmen lainya disekitar rangkaian vertikal output tersebut...</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfpq8WT7sI/AAAAAAAAADU/EB38VDQ45BU/s1600/skema+tv+rsk+vert.JPG"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="181" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="279" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
4. Cek kondensator2nya dan Resistor2nya. Konden sator yg rusak biasanya ditandai dgn kerusakan fisik yg bisa dilihat dgn mata, misalnya memudarnya warna komponen, mengelupasnya kulit komponen atau sering juga dgn membengkaknya komponen( menonjol bagian atasnya seperti mau meletur) yg sudah curiga seperti itu ganti saja dgn yg baru karena harganya tdk mahal. Lalu lanjutkan dgn pengukuran nilai Resistor2nya mengutamakan pada resistor yg dibawah 10 ohm, dlm pengecekan resistor ini anda harus menggunakan mvlti tester karena kerusakan resistor sering dijumpai dgn tdk berobahnya warna komponen. Jadi banyak putusnya resistor atau mengembangnya nilai resistor tapi kondisi fisiknya masih utuh tanpa perobahan. Maka harus teliti selama melakukan pengukuran nilai resistor ini. </div><h3><a href="http://www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">Mengatasi Tv Lg 21 flat rusak ada suara tidak ada gambar</a> </h3><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Kerusakan tv ada suara tetapi tidak ada gambar</b>, apabila tv dihidupkan gambar tidak mucul hanya ada suara seperti radio, kerusakan seperti ini sering terjadi pada beberapa merk tv. Orang awam mengira bahwa tv rusak layarnya atau rusak IC gambarnya. Tetapi dari pengalaman di meja kerja saya selama ini sudah banyak saya jumpai kerusakan tv seperti ini ternyata kerusakannya tidak sulit.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfijTR1n1I/AAAAAAAAADA/QiNpjqD-EQ8/s1600/Msn+TV+rusak+R+filamen.JPG"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="212" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="238" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Ok... Langsung saja ke cara memperbaiki kerusakannya. Lepaskan kabel tv dari stok kontak listrik lalu buka tutup kesingnya. Bersihkan mesin kalau banyak debunya menggunakan kuas yang kering. Coba Tv dinyalakan dan periksa tegangan G2nya kalau bagus coba periksa tegangan filamen atau hitler layarnya. Untuk Tv Lg yang sedang saya hadapi ternyata tegangan G2nya normal. Setelah saya ngecek tegangan filamen layarnya ternyata nol volt. Dan begitu saya perhatikan filamen layar memang tidak menyala sama sekali, langsung saja saya urutkan jalurnya dan ternyata benar ada Resistor yang putus, karena nilai resistornya sudah tidak bisa dibaca maka saya ganti dengan Resistor 2,2 ohm 2 what. Ingat saat mengganti komponen Tv harus dalam keadaan mati dan agar aman selama proses penggantian komponen hubungan tv dengan stok kontak listrik saya cabut. Setelah selesai memasang komponen yang baru, Tv saya hidupkan dan gambar sudah muncul dengan sempurna. Karena gambar masih bagus maka saya tidak melakukan penyetelan scren maupun fokus. </div><h3><a href="http://www.mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">Memperbaiki Tv Cina tdk ada gambar</a> </h3><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfLj5xVnkI/AAAAAAAAAC4/is_gM1pm4VM/s1600/tv1.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="114" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="116" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> Tv Cina tidak ada gambar</b> sementara suara bagus, tampilan layar ada gelombang warna yg bergerak. <br />
Kerusakan seperti ini sering terjadi pada beberapa merk tv cina, tv akari dll. Sementara orang menduga bahwa kerusakan seperti ini karena ada kerusakan pada ic video, atau ic croma. Ternyata setelah saya menjumpai sekian banyak kasus kerusakan seperti ini adalah adanya kerusakan pada filter regulator suplay Ic croma.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_P1NQSkTAEwg/TOfhCuTEEAI/AAAAAAAAAC8/uPAktmZY5ZA/s1600/Mesin+TV+elco+rusak.JPG"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="194" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="259" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Kerusakan terjadi karena ada elco yg kering</b>, hal ini kebanyakan bisa dilihat dgn mata bahwa elco yg rusak mengalami perubahan bentuk, warna elconya atau cacat fisik elconya, hamil atau kulitnya mau mengelupas. Ganti saja semua elco yg ada tanda2 rusak dengan elco baru yg sama nilainya setelah itu coba tv di cek. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/">http://mnasichintv1.blogspot.com/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="863" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/LABKOM%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="567" /></div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-26766590295389362252012-01-17T01:10:00.000-08:002012-02-14T01:57:01.773-08:00TIPS MERAWAT CCTV<h3 class="post-title entry-title">Tips Merawat Kamera CCTV </h3><div class="post-header"></div>Jika anda menginginkan CCTV anda bertahan lebih lama maka Pemeliharaan CCTV juga harus anda perhatikan karena ini merupakan hal yang penting.<br />
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Pemeliharaan CCTV terbagi menjadi dua hal kategori yaitu perawatan dan perbaikan. Hal yang paling harus di perhatikan dalam perawatan CCTV adalah Kebersihannya, Semua komponen yang ada pada CCTV, baik itu DVR (Digital Video Recorder), Kamera, Monitor dan yang lainnya tidak bisa terbebas dari yang namanya kotor. Hal yang paling sering mengakibatkan kotor pada komponen CCTV ini adalah debu, Kotoran atau debu inilah yang dapat mengakibatkan kinerja dari sistem CCTV berkurang bahkan mengalami kerusakan.<br />
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Hal pertama yang dapat anda lakukan adalah pemeriksaan semua komponen CCTV mulai dari DVR sampai kabel maupun koneksi. kemudian periksa kamera, maupun braket penunjang, diteruskan dengan sasaran kamera apakah apakah masih fokus ke tujuan ataukah bergeser, periksa kelengkapan kamera semua braket dan baut klem dengan saksama. <br />
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Periksa dan atur waktu / tanggal.<br />
Periksa pengoperasian pengendali telemetri.<br />
Periksa jam indikator berjalan.<br />
Periksa DVR apakah ada kerusakan atau tidak.<br />
Periksa perekam dan kualitas pemutaran.<br />
Pastikan bahwa pengaturan perekaman optimal untuk jangka waktu dan kualitasnya.<br />
Untuk melakukan perbaikan disarankan untuk menghubungi Agen tempat anda memesan dengan melengkapi laporan pemeliharaan dan mendiskusikan pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh agen.<br />
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<h2 style="font-weight: normal;">perawatan, maintenance cctv plans</h2><h3 style="font-weight: normal;">• Perawatan Kamera : <br />
1. Pembersihan unit kamera termasuk lensa , Housing , drive unit ( bila ada) , dan konektor serta pembetulan kembali arah pandang kamera bila diperlukan( untuk fixed camera) .<br />
2. Pengecekan tegangan daya dari adaptor ke kamera, termasuk konektor<br />
3. Pengecekan dan pembersihan PTZ rotator dan/ atau kontroler, termasuk konektor<br />
4. Pengecekan bracket kamera.<br />
• Perawatan Hardware Server berkala : <br />
1. Pembersihan internal casing server / PC DVR<br />
2. Pengecekan DVR card yang terpasang<br />
3. Pengecekan tegangan daya listrik ke server / PC DVR<br />
4. Pengecekan konektor kabel coaxial ke server / PC DVR<br />
• Back up berkala : <br />
1. Pengecekan fungsi Software DVR<br />
2. Melakukan Back up data hasil rekaman DVR ke Hardisk Eksternal ( sudah termasuk Hardisk ) <br />
3. Melakukan Sortir data rekaman dan melakukan pelaporan ke owner akan hasil rekaman.<br />
4. Melakukan penggantian password berkala.</h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal;"> </h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title">Tips Memelihara Product Elektronic (CCTV ) </h3><div class="post-header"></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m2bMYtTriFQ/Th8SwuUC2II/AAAAAAAAAB4/0vDI5Ln105I/s1600/ir-weatherproof-camera-cen-vvkcie48hvcd1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m2bMYtTriFQ/Th8SwuUC2II/AAAAAAAAAB4/0vDI5Ln105I/s1600/ir-weatherproof-camera-cen-vvkcie48hvcd1.jpg" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dBJLSYN7Tg/Th8SkCqyo2I/AAAAAAAAAB0/tcD3796ojes/s1600/cen-ct-h912.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dBJLSYN7Tg/Th8SkCqyo2I/AAAAAAAAAB0/tcD3796ojes/s1600/cen-ct-h912.jpg" /></a>Dalam memelihara / perawatan peralatan elektronik khususnya cctv camera, hindari pemakaian GENSET yang mempunyai tegangan tidak stabil. Jikapun terpaksa menggunakan arus dari Genset tersebut, pastikan cabut / putus dahulu kontak / Jalur arus cctv yg ke jaringan listrik jika ditempat anda tidak memakai stabilizer yang mampu menstabil kan tegangan listrik secara optimal, dan yang tidak kalah penting adalah jika terjadi trouble pada perangkat anda, jangan berikan kepada mereka yang belum tahu dan sok tau, paling tidak langkah pertama hubungi penjual dimana anda tempat anda berbelanja walaupun by phone mungkin sudah dapat membantu anda.<br />
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<h3 style="font-weight: normal;"> </h3>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1483614646968938207.post-22232688755112653622012-01-16T03:14:00.001-08:002012-02-14T01:57:24.105-08:00SIMBOL-SIMBOL KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKA<br />
Dibawah ini adalah beberapa simbol elektronika yang umum dalam elektronika :<br />
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1. Simbol <a href="http://elektrokita.blogspot.com/2008/09/resistor.html"> Resistor</a> :<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOaaLRRmumI/AAAAAAAAAHU/1Mxg2aYUNZg/s1600-h/resistor.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253055533780744802" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOaaLRRmumI/AAAAAAAAAHU/1Mxg2aYUNZg/s200/resistor.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
2. Simbol <a href="http://elektrokita.blogspot.com/2008/09/kapasitor-kondensator.html"> Kapasitor</a> :<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOabnQ67tjI/AAAAAAAAAHc/_pPj1gQh4fE/s1600-h/kapasitor.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253057114233615922" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOabnQ67tjI/AAAAAAAAAHc/_pPj1gQh4fE/s200/kapasitor.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><span class="fullpost"></span><br />
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<span class="fullpost">3. Simbol <a href="http://elektrokita.blogspot.com/2008/09/dioda-zener-dan-led.html"> Dioda</a> :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOab-e26n4I/AAAAAAAAAHk/9lU0GV5BSs8/s1600-h/dioda.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253057513111854978" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOab-e26n4I/AAAAAAAAAHk/9lU0GV5BSs8/s200/dioda.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">4. Simbol <a href="http://elektrokita.blogspot.com/2008/09/transistor.html"> Transistor</a> :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOacOzVf9OI/AAAAAAAAAHs/J_LDCo-DVkY/s1600-h/transistor.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253057793486746850" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOacOzVf9OI/AAAAAAAAAHs/J_LDCo-DVkY/s200/transistor.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">5. Simbol Gerbang Logika :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOackPNKfVI/AAAAAAAAAH0/_1qC_8BUVBQ/s1600-h/gerbang-gerbang+logika.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253058161745231186" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOackPNKfVI/AAAAAAAAAH0/_1qC_8BUVBQ/s200/gerbang-gerbang+logika.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">6. Simbol Pengkabelan :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOac17JTUgI/AAAAAAAAAH8/CjiigN6ng5w/s1600-h/pengkabelan.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253058465597968898" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOac17JTUgI/AAAAAAAAAH8/CjiigN6ng5w/s200/pengkabelan.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">7. Simbol Pengukuran :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOadc3R4pCI/AAAAAAAAAIE/mcoOufoeN_o/s1600-h/pengukuran.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253059134575125538" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOadc3R4pCI/AAAAAAAAAIE/mcoOufoeN_o/s200/pengukuran.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">8. Simbol Sensor :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOadwnubBqI/AAAAAAAAAIM/DiHFKpSko9A/s1600-h/sensor.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253059473997235874" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOadwnubBqI/AAAAAAAAAIM/DiHFKpSko9A/s200/sensor.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span><br />
<span class="fullpost">8. Simbol Sirkuit Power :</span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOaeMKyah7I/AAAAAAAAAIU/zdYrnZfJ4gA/s1600-h/sirkuit+power.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253059947265689522" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_S3pJHrhr8cc/SOaeMKyah7I/AAAAAAAAAIU/zdYrnZfJ4gA/s200/sirkuit+power.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></span></div>NURYAMANAJIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08367944556024544658noreply@blogger.com0